kpcczКомплексные проблемы сердечно-сосудистых заболеванийComplex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases2306-12782587-9537Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases”10.17802/2306-1278-2022-11-1-78-89kpccz-1047Research ArticleАНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ ОБЗОР. КардиологияREVIEW. CardiologyСпорные вопросы ведения пациентов с инфарктом миокарда второго типаControversial issues of type 2 myocardial infarction patients managementhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-0209-4878КинашВ. И.KinashV. I.

Кинаш Владимир Иванович - врач - рентгенэндоваскулярный хирург бюджетного учреждения Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа - Югры «Окружной кардиологический диспансер «Центр диагностики и сердечно-сосудистой хирургии»; аспирант кафедры кардиологии медицинского института бюджетного учреждения высшего образования Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа - Югры «Сургутский государственный университет».

просп. Ленина, 69/1, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ - Югра, Сургут, 628416.

Vladimir I. Kinash - X-ray Endovascular Surgeon, Budgetary Institution of Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra “District Cardiology Hospital” of the Diagnostic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center”; graduate student at the Department of Cardiology, Budgetary Institution of Higher Education, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra, “Surgut State University”.

69/1, Lenina Ave., Surgut, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra, 628416.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7014-2096ВоробьевА. С.VorobevA. S.

Воробьев Антон Сергеевич - кандидат медицинских наук, доцент врач-кардиолог бюджетного учреждения Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа - Югры «Окружной кардиологический диспансер «ЦД и ССХ»; доцент кафедры кардиологии, ведущий научный сотрудник научно-образовательного центра медицинского института СурГУ.

просп. Ленина, 69/1, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ - Югра, Сургут, 628416; просп. Ленина, 1, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ - Югра, Сургут, 628412.

Anton S. Vorobiev - PhD, Associate Professor Cardiologist, Budgetary Institution of Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra “District Cardiology Hospital” of the Diagnostic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center”; Associate Professor at the Cardiology Department, Senior Research Assistant at the Scientific Educational Center, Surgut State Medical Institute of Higher Education, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra, “Surgut State University”.

69/1, Lenina Ave., Surgut, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra, 628416; 1, Lenin Ave., Surgut, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra, 628412.

a.s.vorobyov@gmail.comhttps://orcid.org/0000-0002-5545-9826УрванцеваИ. А.UrvantsevaI. A.

Урванцева Ирина Александровна - кандидат медицинских наук, доцент, главный врач бюджетного учреждения Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа - Югры «Окружной кардиологический диспансер «ЦД и ССХ»; заведующая кафедрой кардиологии медицинского института СурГУ.

просп. Ленина, 69/1, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ - Югра, Сургут, 628416; просп. Ленина, 1, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ - Югра, Сургут, 628412.

Irina A. Urvantseva - PhD, Associate Professor, Head Doctor, Budgetary Institution of Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra “District Cardiology Hospital” of the Diagnostic and Cardiovascular Surgery Center”; Head of the Cardiology Department, Surgut State University.

69/1, Lenina Ave., Surgut, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra, 628416; 1, Lenin Ave., Surgut, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra, 628412.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5708-7328КоваленкоЛ. В.KovalenkoL. V.

Коваленко Людмила Васильевна - доктор медицинских наук, профессор директор медицинского института, заведующий кафедрой патофизиологии и общей патологии.

просп. Ленина, 1, Ханты-Мансийский автономный округ - Югра, Сургут, 628412.

Lyudmila V. Kovalenko - PhD, Professor, Head of the Medical Institute, Head of the Department of Pathophysiology and General Pathology, Budgetary Institution of Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra “Surgut State University”.

1, Lenin Ave., Surgut, Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra, 628412.

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3729-616XКашталапВ. В.KashtalapV. V.

Кашталап Василий Васильевич - доктор медицинских наук, доцент заведующий отделом клинической кардиологии НИИ КПССЗ; профессор кафедры кардиологии и сердечно-сосудистой хирургии КемГМУ Минздрава России.

Сосновый бульвар, 6, Кемерово, 650002; ул. Ворошилова, 22а, Кемерово, 650000.

Vasily V. Kashtalap - PhD, Associate Professor, Head of Clinical Cardiology Department, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases”; Professor at the Department of Cardiology and Cardiovascular Surgery of Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Kemerovo State Medical University" the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.

6, Sosnoviy blvd., Kemerovo, 650002; Voroshilova Street, 22a, Kemerovo, 650000.

Бюджетное учреждение Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа - Югры «Окружной кардиологический диспансер «Центр диагностики и сердечно-сосудистой хирургии»РоссияBudgetary Institution of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra “District Cardiology Dispensary” of the Center for Diagnosis and Cardiovascular Surgery”Russian FederationБюджетное учреждение Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа - Югры «Окружной кардиологический диспансер «Центр диагностики и сердечно-сосудистой хирургии»; Бюджетное учреждение высшего образования Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа - Югры «Сургутский государственный университет»РоссияBudgetary Institution of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra “District Cardiology Dispensary” of the Center for Diagnosis and Cardiovascular Surgery”; Surgut State UniversityRussian FederationБюджетное учреждение высшего образования Ханты-Мансийского автономного округа - Югры «Сургутский государственный университет»РоссияSurgut State UniversityRussian FederationНаучно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний; Кемеровский государственный медицинский университет Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияFederal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases”; Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education "Kemerovo State Medical University" of the Ministry of Health of the Russian FederationRussian Federation2022180320221117889Copyright © Кинаш В.И., Воробьев А.С., Урванцева И.А., Коваленко Л.В., Кашталап В.В., 20222022Кинаш В.И., Воробьев А.С., Урванцева И.А., Коваленко Л.В., Кашталап В.В.Kinash V.I., Vorobev A.S., Urvantseva I.A., Kovalenko L.V., Kashtalap V.V.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.nii-kpssz.com/jour/article/view/1047Основные положения

Основные положения. Представлены актуальные литературные данные об эпидемиологии и основных причинах возникновения инфаркта миокарда 2-го типа, описаны методы диагностики и лечения пациентов данной группы. Подчеркнуты неблагоприятный прогноз больных из-за коморбидности, способствующей развитию инфаркта миокарда, необходимость усовершенствования и унификации подходов к выявлению заболевания, а также проведения наблюдательных и рандомизированных исследований для оценки тактики ведения пациентов с инфарктом миокарда 2-го типа.

Резюме

Резюме. В обзорной статье на основании данных клинических исследований и действующих рекомендаций актуализированы подходы к определению и дифференциальной диагностике инфаркта миокарда (ИМ) 2-го типа в клинической практике. Акцентировано внимание на принципиальном различии ИМ 1-го и 2-го типов и необходимости оценки коморбидного фона для выявления этиологических факторов развития ИМ 2-го типа. Подчеркнут дефицит данных доказательной медицины в отношении прогноза и эффективности методов лечения пациентов с ИМ 2-го типа. При этом такие больные характеризуются высокими показателями общей и сердечно-сосудистой смертности в госпитальном и отдаленном периодах заболевания, а также высокой частотой повторных госпитализаций. Таким образом, высокую важность представляют необходимость многоцентровых обсервационных исследований пациентов с ИМ 2-го типа и разработка алгоритмов лечения и реабилитации данной категории больных.

Highlights

Highlights. The article presents relevant literary data on the epidemiology, main causes, approaches to the diagnostics and treatment of type 2 myocardial infarction patients. The authors emphasize an unfavorable prognosis in these patients due to comorbidity that leads to development of myocardial infarction. They highlight the need to improve and unify approaches to identifying this phenomenon, as well as the necessity to conduct observational and randomized studies to evaluate approaches to the treatment of type 2 myocardial infarction patients.

Abstract

Abstract. The article summarizes the available data from clinical trials and current guidelines, approaches to the definition and type 2 myocardial infarction (MI) differential diagnosis in clinical practice. The attention is focused on the fundamental difference between type 1 and type 2 MI and the need to consider the comorbidities for the identification of etiological factors type 2 MI development. The lack of evidencebased medical data regarding the prognosis and effective treatment of patients with type 2 MI is emphasized. Nevertheless, such patients are characterized with high rates of overall and cardiovascular mortality in hospital and long-term disease course, as well as a high rate of readmission. Thus, there is the need for multicenter observational studies of type 2 MI patients and the development of algorithms for treatment and rehabilitation of this category of patients.

Инфаркт миокарда 2-го типаПовреждение миокардаОпределениеДифференциальная диагностикаType 2 myocardial infarctionMyocardial injuryDefinitionDifferential diagnosisНаучная статья выполнена в рамках государственного задания (2021-2023 гг.) «Профиль метилирования ДНК у коренного и пришлого населения Югры как эпигенетический биомаркер возраст-ассоциирован-ной сердечно-сосудистой патологии и возможности ее персонализированной ранней диагностики» (научно-образовательный центр медицинского института БУ ВО ХМАО - Югры «Сургутский государственный университет», Сургут, Россия) и при информационной поддержке Научно-образовательного центра мирового уровня «Кузбасс» (Кемерово, Россия).ReferencesМинистерство здравоохранения Российской Федерации. Заболеваемость взрослого населения России - 2018: Статистический сборник. Режим доступа: https://minzdrav.gov.ru/ministry/61/22/stranitsa-979/statisticheskie-i-informatsionnye-materialy/statisticheskiy-sbornik-2018-god. (дата обращения 19.01.2022)Ministry of health Russian Federation. The incidence rate of adult population of Russia - 2018: Statistical materials (Zabolevaemost vzroslogo naseleniya Rossii- 2018: Statisticheskii sbornik (in Russian) Available at: https://minzdrav.gov.ru/ministry/61/22/stranitsa-979/statisticheskie-i-informatsionnye-materialy/statisticheskiy-sbornik-2018-god. (accessed 19.01.2022)Townsend N., Wilson L., Bhatnagar P., Wickramasinghe K., Rayner M., Nichols M. Cardiovascular disease in Europe: epidemiological update 2016. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(42):3232-3245. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw334..Townsend N., Wilson L., Bhatnagar P., Wickramasinghe K., Rayner M., Nichols M. Cardiovascular disease in Europe: epidemiological update 2016. Eur Heart J. 2016;37(42):3232-3245. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehw334..DeFilippis A.P., Chapman A.R., Mills N.L., de Lemos J.A., Arbab-Zadeh A., Newby L.K., Morrow D.A. Assessment and Treatment of Patients With Type 2 Myocardial Infarction andAcute Nonischemic Myocardial Injury. Circulation. 2019; 140 (20): 1661-1678. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.040631.DeFilippis A.P., Chapman A.R., Mills N.L., de Lemos J.A., Arbab-Zadeh A., Newby L.K., Morrow D.A. Assessment and Treatment of Patients With Type 2 Myocardial Infarction and Acute Nonischemic Myocardial Injury. Circulation. 2019; 140 (20): 1661-1678. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.040631.Андреенко Е.Ю., Явелов И.С., Лукьянов М.М., Верноха-ева А.Н., Драпкина О.М., Бойцов С.А. Ишемическая болезнь сердца у лиц молодого возраста: распространенность и сердечно-сосудистые факторы риска. Кардиология. 2018;58(10):53-58. https://doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2018.10.10184Andreenko E.Yu., Yavelov I.S., Loukianov M.M., Vernohaeva A.N., Drapkina O.M., Boytsov S.A. Ischemic Heart Disease in Subjects of Young Age: Current State of the Problem. Prevalence and Cardio-Vascular Risk Factors. Kardiologiia. 2018;58(10):53-58. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2018.10.10184Nestelberger T., Boeddinghaus J., Badertscher P., Twerenbold R., Wildi K., Breitenbucher D., Sabti Z., Puelacher C., Rubini Gimenez M., Kozhuharov N., Strebel I., Sazgary L., Schneider D., Jann J., du Fay de Lavallaz J., Miro O., Martin-Sanchez F.J., Morawiec B., Kawecki D., Muzyk P., Keller D.I., Geigy N., Osswald S., Reichlin T., Mueller C.; APACE Investigators. Effect of Definition on Incidence and Prognosis of Type 2 Myocardial Infarction. Journal of American College of Cardiology. 2017; 70 (13): 1558-1568. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.774.Nestelberger T., Boeddinghaus J., Badertscher P., Twerenbold R., Wildi K., Breitenbucher D., Sabti Z., Puelacher C., Rubini Gimenez M., Kozhuharov N., Strebel I., Sazgary L., Schneider D., Jann J., du Fay de Lavallaz J., Miro O., Martin-Sanchez F.J., Morawiec B., Kawecki D., Muzyk P., Keller D.I., Geigy N., Osswald S., Reichlin T., Mueller C.; APACE Investigators. Effect of Definition on Incidence and Prognosis of Type 2 Myocardial Infarction. Journal of American College of Cardiology. 2017; 70 (13): 1558-1568. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.774.Thygesen K., Alpert J.S., Jaffe A.S., Chaitman B.R., Bax J.J., Morrow D.A., White H.D.; Executive Group on behalf of the Joint European Society of Cardiology (ESC) / American College of Cardiology (ACC) / American Heart Association (AHA) /World Heart Federation (WHF) Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018). Circulation. 2018; 138 (20): e618-e651. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000617.Thygesen K., Alpert J.S., Jaffe A.S., Chaitman B.R., Bax J.J., Morrow D.A., White H.D.; Executive Group on behalf of the Joint European Society of Cardiology (ESC) / American College of Cardiology (ACC) / American Heart Association (AHA) /World Heart Federation (WHF) Task Force for the Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction (2018). Circulation. 2018; 138 (20): e618-e651. doi: 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000617.Sandoval Y., Smith S.W., Sexter A., Schulz K., Apple F.S. Use of objective evidence of myocardial ischemia to facilitate the diagnostic and prognostic distinction between type 2 myocardial infarction and myocardial injury. European Heart Journal: Acute Cardiovascular Care. 2020; 9 (1): 62-69. doi: 10.1177/2048872618787796.Sandoval Y., Smith S.W., Sexter A., Schulz K., Apple F.S. Use of objective evidence of myocardial ischemia to facilitate the diagnostic and prognostic distinction between type 2 myocardial infarction and myocardial injury. European Heart Journal: Acute Cardiovascular Care. 2020; 9 (1): 62-69. doi: 10.1177/2048872618787796.Smilowitz N.R., Subramanyam P., Gianos E., Reynolds H.R., Shah B., Sedlis S.P. Treatment and outcomes of type 2 myocardial infarction and myocardial injury compared with type 1 myocardial infarction. Coronary Artery Diseases. 2018; 29 (1): 46-52. doi:10.1097/MCA.0000000000000545.Smilowitz N.R., Subramanyam P., Gianos E., Reynolds H.R., Shah B., Sedlis S.P. Treatment and outcomes of type 2 myocardial infarction and myocardial injury compared with type 1 myocardial infarction. Coronary Artery Diseases. 2018; 29 (1): 46-52. doi:10.1097/MCA.0000000000000545.Meigher S., Thode H.C., Peacock W.F., Bock J.L., Gruberg L., Singer A.J. Causes of Elevated Cardiac Troponins in the Emergency Department and Their Associated Mortality. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2016; 23 (11): 1267-1273. doi: 10.1111/acem.13033.Meigher S., Thode H.C., Peacock W.F., Bock J.L., Gruberg L., Singer A.J. Causes of Elevated Cardiac Troponins in the Emergency Department and Their Associated Mortality. Academic Emergency Medicine. 2016; 23 (11): 1267-1273. doi: 10.1111/acem.13033.Sarkisian L., Saaby L., Poulsen T.S., Gerke O., Jangaard N., Hosbond S., Diederichsen A.C., Thygesen K., Mickley H. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Myocardial Infarction, Myocardial Injury, and Non-elevated Troponins. American Journal of Medicine. 2016; 129 (4): 446. e5-446.e21. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.11.006.Sarkisian L., Saaby L., Poulsen T.S., Gerke O., Jangaard N., Hosbond S., Diederichsen A.C., Thygesen K., Mickley H. Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes of Patients with Myocardial Infarction, Myocardial Injury, and Non-elevated Troponins. American Journal of Medicine. 2016; 129 (4): 446. e5-446.e21. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.11.006.Javed U., Aftab W., Ambrose J.A., Wessel R.J., Mouanoutoua M., Huang G., Barua R.S., Weilert M., Sy F., Thatai D. Frequency of elevated troponin I and diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology. 2009; 104 (1): 9-13. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.03.003.Javed U., Aftab W., Ambrose J.A., Wessel R.J., Mouanoutoua M., Huang G., Barua R.S., Weilert M., Sy F., Thatai D. Frequency of elevated troponin I and diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. American Journal of Cardiology. 2009; 104 (1): 9-13. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.03.003.Chapman A.R., Shah A.S., Lee K.K., Anand A., Francis O., Adamson P., McAllister D.A., Strachan F.E., Newby D.E., Mills N.L. Long-Term Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Myocardial Infarction and Myocardial Injury. Circulation. 2018; 137 (12): 1236-1245. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031806.Chapman A.R., Shah A.S., Lee K.K., Anand A., Francis O., Adamson P., McAllister D.A., Strachan F.E., Newby D.E., Mills N.L. Long-Term Outcomes in Patients With Type 2 Myocardial Infarction and Myocardial Injury. Circulation. 2018; 137 (12): 1236-1245. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.031806.Smilowitz N.R., Gupta N., Guo Y., Berger J.S., Bangalore S. Perioperative acute myocardial infarction associated with non-cardiac surgery. European Heart Journal. 2017; 38 (31): 2409-2417. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx313.Smilowitz N.R., Gupta N., Guo Y., Berger J.S., Bangalore S. Perioperative acute myocardial infarction associated with non-cardiac surgery. European Heart Journal. 2017; 38 (31): 2409-2417. DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx313.Lambrecht S., Sarkisian L., Saaby L., Poulsen T.S., Gerke O., Hosbond S., Diederichsen A.C., Thygesen K., Mickley H. Different Causes of Death in Patients with Myocardial Infarction Type 1, Type 2, and Myocardial Injury. American Journal of Medicine. 2018; 131 (5): 548-554. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.11.043.Lambrecht S., Sarkisian L., Saaby L., Poulsen T.S., Gerke O., Hosbond S., Diederichsen A.C., Thygesen K., Mickley H. Different Causes of Death in Patients with Myocardial Infarction Type 1, Type 2, and Myocardial Injury. American Journal of Medicine. 2018; 131 (5): 548-554. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2017.11.043.Dahhan A. Type 2 myocardial infarction: a grim diagnosis with different shades of gray. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine (Hagerstown). 2019; 20 (8): 510-517. doi: 10.2459/JCM.0000000000000813.Dahhan A. Type 2 myocardial infarction: a grim diagnosis with different shades of gray. Journal of Cardiovascular Medicine (Hagerstown). 2019; 20 (8): 510-517. doi: 10.2459/JCM.0000000000000813.Putot A., Jeanmichel M., Chague F., Manckoundia P., Cottin Y., Zeller M. Type 2 Myocardial Infarction: A Geriatric Population-based Model of Pathogenesis. Aging Diseases. 2020; 11 (1): 108-117. doi:10.14336/AD.2019.0405.Putot A., Jeanmichel M., Chague F., Manckoundia P., Cottin Y., Zeller M. Type 2 Myocardial Infarction: A Geriatric Population-based Model of Pathogenesis. Aging Diseases. 2020; 11 (1): 108-117. doi:10.14336/AD.2019.0405.Szymanski F.M., Karpinski G., Platek A.E., Majstrak F., Hrynkiewicz-Szymanska A., Kotkowski M., Puchalski B., Filipiak K.J., Opolski G. Clinical characteristics, etiology and occurrence of type 2 acute myocardial infarction. Kardiologia Polska. 2014; 72 (4): 339-44. doi: 10.5603/KP.a2013.0284.Szymanski F.M., Karpinski G., Platek A.E., Majstrak F., Hrynkiewicz-Szymanska A., Kotkowski M., Puchalski B., Filipiak K.J., Opolski G. Clinical characteristics, etiology and occurrence of type 2 acute myocardial infarction. Kardiologia Polska. 2014; 72 (4): 339-44. doi: 10.5603/KP.a2013.0284.Borges F.K., Sheth T., Patel A., Marcucci M., Yung T., Langer T., Alboim C., Polanczyk C.A., Germini F., Azeredo-da-Silva A.F., Sloan E., Kaila K., Ree R., Bertoletti A., Vedovati M.C., Galzerano A., Spence J., Devereaux P.J. Accuracy of Physicians in Differentiating Type 1 and Type 2 Myocardial Infarction Based on Clinical Information. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2020; 2 (6): 577-584. doi: 10.1016/j.cjco.2020.07.009.Borges F.K., Sheth T., Patel A., Marcucci M., Yung T., Langer T., Alboim C., Polanczyk C.A., Germini F., Azeredo-da-Silva A.F., Sloan E., Kaila K., Ree R., Bertoletti A., Vedovati M.C., Galzerano A., Spence J., Devereaux P.J. Accuracy of Physicians in Differentiating Type 1 and Type 2 Myocardial Infarction Based on Clinical Information. Canadian Journal of Cardiology. 2020; 2 (6): 577-584. doi: 10.1016/j.cjco.2020.07.009.Putot A., Chague F., Manckoundia P., Brunel P., Beer J.C., Cottin, Y., Zeller M. Post-Infectious Myocardial Infarction: Does Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Improve Outcomes? A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9 (6), 1608. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061608.Putot A., Chague F., Manckoundia P., Brunel P., Beer J.C., Cottin, Y., Zeller M. Post-Infectious Myocardial Infarction: Does Percutaneous Coronary Intervention Improve Outcomes? A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9 (6), 1608. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9061608.Januzzi J.L., Sandoval Y. The Many Faces of Type 2 Myocardial Infarction. Journal of American College of Cardiology. 2017; 70 (13): 1569-1572. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.784.Januzzi J.L., Sandoval Y. The Many Faces of Type 2 Myocardial Infarction. Journal ofAmerican College of Cardiology. 2017; 70 (13): 1569-1572. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2017.07.784.Saaby L., Poulsen T.S., Diederichsen A.C., Hosbond S., Larsen T.B., Schmidt H., Gerke O., Hallas J., Thygesen K., Mickley H. Mortality rate in type 2 myocardial infarction: observations from an unselected hospital cohort. American Journal of Medicine. 2014; 127 (4): 295-302. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.12.020.Saaby L., Poulsen T.S., Diederichsen A.C., Hosbond S., Larsen T.B., Schmidt H., Gerke O., Hallas J., Thygesen K., Mickley H. Mortality rate in type 2 myocardial infarction: observations from an unselected hospital cohort. American Journal of Medicine. 2014; 127 (4): 295-302. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.12.020.Jogu H.R., Arora S., Vaduganathan M., Qamar A., Pandey A., Chevli P.A., Pansuriya T.H., Ahmad M.I., Dutta A., Sunkara P.R., Qureshi W., Vasu S., Upadhya B., Bhatt D.L., Januzzi J.L., Herrington D. Wake Forest University long-term follow-up of type 2 myocardial infarction: The Wake-Up T2MI Registry. Clinical Cardiology. 2019; 42 (6): 592-604. doi: 10.1002/clc.23182.Jogu H.R., Arora S., Vaduganathan M., Qamar A., Pandey A., Chevli P.A., Pansuriya T.H., Ahmad M.I., Dutta A., Sunkara P.R., Qureshi W., Vasu S., Upadhya B., Bhatt D.L., Januzzi J.L., Herrington D. Wake Forest University long-term follow-up of type 2 myocardial infarction: The Wake-Up T2MI Registry. Clinical Cardiology. 2019; 42 (6): 592-604. doi: 10.1002/clc.23182.Sulo G., Igland J., Vollset S.E., Ebbing M., Egeland G.M., Ariansen I., Tell G.S. Trends in incident acute myocardial infarction in Norway: An updated analysis to 2014 using national data from the CVDNOR project. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2018; 25 (10): 1031-1039. doi: 10.1177/2047487318780033.Sulo G., Igland J., Vollset S.E., Ebbing M., Egeland G.M., Ariansen I., Tell G.S. Trends in incident acute myocardial infarction in Norway: An updated analysis to 2014 using national data from the CVDNOR project. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology. 2018; 25 (10): 1031-1039. doi: 10.1177/2047487318780033.Furie N., Israel A., Gilad L., Neuman G., Assad F., Ben-Zvi I., Grossman C. Type 2 myocardial infarction in general medical wards: Clinical features, treatment, and prognosis in comparison with type 1 myocardial infarction. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019; 98 (41): e17404. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000017404.Furie N., Israel A., Gilad L., Neuman G., Assad F., Ben-Zvi I., Grossman C. Type 2 myocardial infarction in general medical wards: Clinical features, treatment, and prognosis in comparison with type 1 myocardial infarction. Medicine (Baltimore). 2019; 98 (41): e17404. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000017404.Melberg T., Burman R., Dickstein K. The impact of the 2007 ESC-ACC-AHA-WHF Universal definition on the incidence and classification of acute myocardial infarction: a retrospective cohort study. International Journal of Cardiology. 2010; 139 (3): 228-33. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.10.021.Melberg T., Burman R., Dickstein K. The impact of the 2007 ESC-ACC-AHA-WHF Universal definition on the incidence and classification of acute myocardial infarction: a retrospective cohort study. International Journal of Cardiology. 2010; 139 (3): 228-33. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2008.10.021.Хоанг. Х.Ч., Китбалян А.А., Лазарев П.В., Майсков B.В., Школьникова Е.Э., Мерай И.А. Клинико-демографические характеристики, распространенность факторов риска и сопутствующих заболеваний у пациентов с инфарктом миокарда 2 типа. Вестник Российского университета дружбы народов. Серия: Медицина. 2018. Т. 22. №2. C. 148158. doi: 10.22363/2313-0245-2018-22-2-148-158.Hoang H.T., Kitbalyan A.A., Lazarev P.V., Maiskov V.V., Shkolinikova E.E., Meray I.A. Type 2 myocardial infarction: clinical and demographic features, laboratory and instrumental associations. RUDN Journal of Medicine. 2018; 22 (2), 148-158. (In Russian) doi: 10.22363/2313-0245-2018-22-2-148-158Урванцева И.А., Воробьев А.С., Сулейманов Р.Р., Коваленко Л.В. «Нужно ли знать об инфаркте миокарда 2 типа практикующему кардиологу?» (Мнение кардиологов Югры). Комплексные проблемы сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. 2019; 8 (4): 13-15. https://doi.org/10.17802/2306-1278-2019-8-4-13-15.Urvantseva I.A., Vorobiev A.S., Suleymanov R.R., Kovalenko L.V. “Should practicing cardiologists know about type 2 myocardial infarction?” (Opinion statement of the Ugra cardiologists). Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases. 2019; 8 (4): 13-15. (In Russian). https://doi.org/10.17802/2306-1278-2019-8-4-13-15.Seo Y., Paik J., Shin S., Kim A., Kang S. Differential diagnostic factors of type 1 and type 2 myocardial infarction in patients with elevated cardiac troponin levels. Clin. Exp. Emerg. Med. 2020;7(3):213-219 https://doi.org/10.15441/ceem.19.049.Seo Y., Paik J., Shin S., Kim A., Kang S. Differential diagnostic factors of type 1 and type 2 myocardial infarction in patients with elevated cardiac troponin levels. Clin. Exp. Emerg. Med. 2020;7(3):213-219 https://doi.org/10.15441/ceem.19.049.Greenslade J.H., Adikari T., Mueller C., Sandoval Y., Nestelberger T., Parsonage W., Hawkins T., Cullen L. Characteristics and occurrence of type 2 myocardial infarction in emergency department patients: a prospective study. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2018; 35 (3): 169-175. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2017-206869.Greenslade J.H., Adikari T., Mueller C., Sandoval Y., Nestelberger T., Parsonage W., Hawkins T., Cullen L. Characteristics and occurrence of type 2 myocardial infarction in emergency department patients: a prospective study. Emergency Medicine Journal. 2018; 35 (3): 169-175. doi: 10.1136/emermed-2017-206869.Аверков О.В., Барбараш О.Л, Бойцов С.А., Васильева Е.Ю., Драпкина О.М., Галявич А.С., Гиляров М.Ю., Зайратьянц О.В., Кактурский Л.В., Карпов Ю.А., Мишнев О.Д., Никулина Н.Н., Орехов О.О., Самородская И.В., Соболева Г.Н., Черкасов С.Н., Шахнович Р.М., Шилова А.С., Шляхто Е.В., Шпектор А.В., Явелов И.С., Якушин С.С. Дифференцированный подход в диагностике, формулировке диагноза, ведении больных и статистическом учете инфаркта миокарда 2 типа (согласованная позиция). Российский кардиологический журнал. 2019;24(6):7-21 http://dx.doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2019-6-7-21.Averkov O.V., Barbarash O.L., Boytsov S.A., Vasilieva E.Yu., Drapkina O.M., Galyavich A.S., Gilyarov M.Yu., Zayratiants O.V., Kakturskiy L.V., Karpov Yu.A., Mishnev O.D., Nikulina N.N., Orekhov O.O., Samorodskaya I.V., Soboleva G.N., Cherkasov S.N., Shakhnovich R.M., Shilova A.S., Shlyakhto E.V., Shpektor A.V., Yavelov I.S., Yakushin S.S. Differentiated approach in diagnostics, diagnosis formulation, case management and statistical accounting of type 2 myocardial infarction (Position Paper). Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2019; (6): 7-21. (In Russian) https://doi.org/10.15829/1560-4071-2019-6-7-21Stein G.Y., Herscovici G., Korenfeld R., Matetzky S., Gottlieb S., Alon D., Gevrielov-Yusim N., Iakobishvili Z., Fuchs S. Type-II myocardial infarction--patient characteristics, management and outcomes. PLoS One. 2014 Jan 2;9(1):e84285. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084285..Stein G.Y., Herscovici G., Korenfeld R., Matetzky S., Gottlieb S., Alon D., Gevrielov-Yusim N., Iakobishvili Z., Fuchs S. Type-II myocardial infarction--patient characteristics, management and outcomes. PLoS One. 2014 Jan 2;9(1):e84285. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084285..Облавацкий Д.В., Болдуева С.А., Соловьева М.В., Винничук С.А., Михайлов Р.Р. Распространенность инфаркта миокарда 2 го типа в структуре летальности по данным многопрофильного стационара за 7 лет. Кардиология. 2020; 60 (6): 76-83. https://doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2020.6.n896.Oblavatckii D.V., Boldueva S.A., Soloveva M.V., Vinnichuk S.A., Mikhailov R.R. The Frequency of Type 2 Myocardial Infarction in the Structure of Hospital Mortality According to 7-Years Data of a State University Clinic. Kardiologiia. 2020; 60 (6): 76-83. (In Russian) https://doi.org/10.18087/cardio.2020.6.n896.Baron T., Hambraeus K., Sundstrom J., Erlinge D., Jernberg T., Lindahl B.; TOTAL-AMI study group. Type 2 myocardial infarction in clinical practice. Heart. 2015;101(2):101-6. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306093.Baron T., Hambraeus K., Sundstrom J., Erlinge D., Jernberg T., Lindahl B.; TOTAL-AMI study group. Type 2 myocardial infarction in clinical practice. Heart. 2015;101(2):101-6. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306093.Agewall S., Beltrame J.F, Reynolds H.R, Niessner A., Rosano G., Caforio A.L., De Caterina R., Zimarino M., Roffi M., Kjeldsen K., Atar D., Kaski J.C, Sechtem U., Tornvall P; Working Group on Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. ESC Working Group position paper on myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries. Eur. Heart J. 2017;38:143-153.Agewall S., Beltrame J.F, Reynolds H.R, Niessner A., Rosano G., Caforio A.L., De Caterina R., Zimarino M., Roffi M., Kjeldsen K., Atar D., Kaski J.C, Sechtem U., Tornvall P; Working Group on Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy. ESC Working Group position paper on myocardial infarction with non-obstructive coronary arteries. Eur. Heart J. 2017;38:143-153.Goyal A., Gluckman T.J., Tcheng J.E. What's in a Name? The New ICD-10 (10th Revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems) Codes and Type 2 Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 2017; 136 (13): 1180-1182. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030347.Goyal A., Gluckman T.J., Tcheng J.E. What's in a Name? The New ICD-10 (10th Revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems) Codes and Type 2 Myocardial Infarction. Circulation. 2017; 136 (13): 1180-1182. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030347.McCarthy C.P., Murphy S., Rehman S., Jones-O'Connor M., Olshan D.S., Cohen J.A., Cui J., Singh A., Vaduganathan M., Januzzi J.L., Wasfy J.H. Home-Time After Discharge Among Patients With Type 2 Myocardial Infarction. Journal of American Heart Association. 2020; 9 (10): e015978. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.015978.McCarthy C.P., Murphy S., Rehman S., Jones-O'Connor M., Olshan D.S., Cohen J.A., Cui J., Singh A., Vaduganathan M., Januzzi J.L., Wasfy J.H. Home-Time After Discharge Among Patients With Type 2 Myocardial Infarction. Journal of American Heart Association. 2020; 9 (10): e015978. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.119.015978.Gard A., Lindahl B., Hadziosmanovic N., Baron T. Treatment and Prognosis of Myocardial Infarction Outside Cardiology Departments. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 10 (1): 106. doi:10.3390/jcm10010106.Gard A., Lindahl B., Hadziosmanovic N., Baron T. Treatment and Prognosis of Myocardial Infarction Outside Cardiology Departments. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 10 (1): 106. doi:10.3390/jcm10010106.Sheth T., Natarajan M.K., Hsieh V., Valettas N., Rokoss M., Mehta S., Jolly S., Tandon V., Bezerra H., Devereaux P.J. Incidence of thrombosis in perioperative and non-operative myocardial infarction. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2018; 120 (4): 725-733. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.063.Sheth T., Natarajan M.K., Hsieh V., Valettas N., Rokoss M., Mehta S., Jolly S., Tandon V., Bezerra H., Devereaux P.J. Incidence of thrombosis in perioperative and non-operative myocardial infarction. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 2018; 120 (4): 725-733. doi: 10.1016/j.bja.2017.11.063.Singh A., Gupta A., DeFilippis E.M., Qamar A., Biery D.W., Almarzooq Z., Collins B., Fatima A., Jackson C., Galazka P., Ramsis M., Pipilas D.C., Divakaran S., Cawley M., Hainer J., Klein J., Jarolim P., Nasir K., Januzzi J.L., Di Carli M.F., Bhatt D.L., Blankstein R. Cardiovascular Mortality After Type 1 and Type 2 Myocardial Infarction in Young Adults. Journal of American College Cardiology. 2020; 75 (9): 1003-1013. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.12.052.Singh A., Gupta A., DeFilippis E.M., Qamar A., Biery D.W., Almarzooq Z., Collins B., Fatima A., Jackson C., Galazka P., Ramsis M., Pipilas D.C., Divakaran S., Cawley M., Hainer J., Klein J., Jarolim P., Nasir K., Januzzi J.L., Di Carli M.F., Bhatt D.L., Blankstein R. Cardiovascular Mortality After Type 1 and Type 2 Myocardial Infarction in Young Adults. Journal of American College Cardiology. 2020; 75 (9): 1003-1013. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.12.052.Lancellotti P., Pellikka P.A., Budts W., Chaudhry F.A., Donal E., Dulgheru R., Edvardsen T., Garbi M., Ha J.W., Kane G.C., Kreeger J., Mertens L., Pibarot P., Picano E., Ryan T., Tsutsui J.M., VargaA. The clinical use of stress echocardiography in non-ischaemic heart disease: recommendations from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. European Heart Journal: Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016; 17 (11): 1191-1229. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jew190.Lancellotti P., Pellikka P.A., Budts W., Chaudhry F.A., Donal E., Dulgheru R., Edvardsen T., Garbi M., Ha J.W., Kane G.C., Kreeger J., Mertens L., Pibarot P., Picano E., Ryan T., Tsutsui J.M., Varga A. The clinical use of stress echocardiography in non-ischaemic heart disease: recommendations from the European Association of Cardiovascular Imaging and the American Society of Echocardiography. European Heart Journal: Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016; 17 (11): 1191-1229. doi: 10.1093/ehjci/jew190.Bulluck H., Dharmakumar R., Arai A.E., Berry C., Hausenloy D.J. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Acute ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Recent Advances, Controversies, and Future Directions. Circulation. 2018; 137 (18): 1949-1964. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030693.Bulluck H., Dharmakumar R., Arai A.E., Berry C., Hausenloy D.J. Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance in Acute ST-Segment-Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Recent Advances, Controversies, and Future Directions. Circulation. 2018; 137 (18): 1949-1964. doi:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.030693.Lambrakis K., French J.K., Scott I.A., Briffa T., Brieger D., Farkouh M.E., White H., Chuang A.M., Tiver K., Quinn S., Kaambwa B., Horsfall M., Morton E., Chew D.P. The appropriateness of coronary investigation in myocardial injury and type 2 myocardial infarction (ACT-2): A randomized trial design. American Heart Journal. 2019; 208: 11-20. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2018.09.016.Lambrakis K., French J.K., Scott I.A., Briffa T., Brieger D., Farkouh M.E., White H., Chuang A.M., Tiver K., Quinn S., Kaambwa B., Horsfall M., Morton E., Chew D.P. The appropriateness of coronary investigation in myocardial injury and type 2 myocardial infarction (ACT-2): A randomized trial design. American Heart Journal. 2019; 208: 11-20. doi: 10.1016/j.ahj.2018.09.016.Giustino G., Pinney S.P., Lala A., Reddy V.Y., Johnston-Cox H.A., Mechanick J.I., Halperin J.L., Fuster V. Coronavirus and Cardiovascular Disease, Myocardial Injury, andArrhythmia: JACC Focus Seminar. Journal of American College Cardiology. 2020; 76 (17): 2011-2023. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.059.Giustino G., Pinney S.P., Lala A., Reddy V.Y., Johnston-Cox H.A., Mechanick J.I., Halperin J.L., Fuster V. Coronavirus and Cardiovascular Disease, Myocardial Injury, andArrhythmia : JACC Focus Seminar. Journal of American College Cardiology. 2020; 76 (17): 2011-2023. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.08.059.Pillai B., Trikkur S., Farooque U., Ramakrishnan D., Kakkra J.J., Kashyap G., Lalwani C., Mani A.B., Vishwanath J. Type II Myocardial Infarction: Predisposing Factors, Precipitating Elements, and Outcomes. Cureus. 2020; 12 (7): e9254. doi: 10.7759/cureus.9254.Pillai B., Trikkur S., Farooque U., Ramakrishnan D., Kakkra J.J., Kashyap G., Lalwani C., Mani A.B., Vishwanath J. Type II Myocardial Infarction: Predisposing Factors, Precipitating Elements, and Outcomes. Cureus. 2020; 12 (7): e9254. doi: 10.7759/cureus.9254.Hung J., Roos J., Kadesjo J., McAllister D., Kimenai D., Shah A., Anand A., Strachan F., Fox K., Mills N., Chapman A., Holzmann M. Performance of the GRACE 2.0 score in patients with type 1 and type 2 myocardial infarction. European Heart Journal. 2021; 42 (26): 2552-2561. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa375.Hung J., Roos J., Kadesjo J., McAllister D., Kimenai D., Shah A., Anand A., Strachan F., Fox K., Mills N., Chapman A., Holzmann M. Performance of the GRACE 2.0 score in patients with type 1 and type 2 myocardial infarction. European Heart Journal. 2021; 42 (26): 2552-2561. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa375.Beltrame J.F., Crea F., Camici P. Advances in coronary microvascular dysfunction. Heart Lung Circ. 2009;18:19-27. doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2008.11.002.Beltrame J.F., Crea F., Camici P. Advances in coronary microvascular dysfunction. Heart Lung Circ. 2009;18:19-27. doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2008.11.002.Sato R., Sakamoto K., Kaikita K., Tsujita K., Nakao K., Ozaki Y., Kimura Y., Ako J., Noguchi T., Yasuda S., Suwa S., Fujimoto K., Nakama Y., Morita T., Shimizu W., Saito Y., Hirohata Y., Morita Y., Inoue Y., Okamura A., Mano T., Hirata T., Tanabe K., Shibata Y.,Owa M., Funayama H., Kokubu N., Kozuma K., Uemura S., Toubaru T., Saku., Shigeru Ohshima K., Nishimura K., Miyamoto Y., Ogawa H., Ishihara M. Long-Term Prognosis of Patients with Myocardial Infarction Type 1 and Type 2 with and without Involvement of Coronary Vasospasm. J. Clin. Med.2020; 9(6):1686. doi: 10.3390/jcm9061686.Sato R., Sakamoto K., Kaikita K., Tsujita K., Nakao K., Ozaki Y., Kimura Y., Ako J., Noguchi T., Yasuda S., Suwa S., Fujimoto K., Nakama Y., Morita T., Shimizu W., Saito Y., Hirohata Y., Morita Y., Inoue Y., Okamura A., Mano T., Hirata T., Tanabe K., Shibata Y.,Owa M., Funayama H., Kokubu N., Kozuma K., Uemura S., Toubaru T., Saku., Shigeru Ohshima K., Nishimura K., Miyamoto Y., Ogawa H., Ishihara M. Long-Term Prognosis of Patients with Myocardial Infarction Type 1 and Type 2 with and without Involvement of Coronary Vasospasm. J. Clin. Med.2020; 9(6):1686. doi:10.3390/jcm9061686.Smit M., Coetzee A.R., Lochner A. The Pathophysiology of Myocardial Ischemia and Perioperative Myocardial Infarction. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 2020; 34 (9): 2501-2512. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2019.10.005.Smit M., Coetzee A.R., Lochner A. The Pathophysiology of Myocardial Ischemia and Perioperative Myocardial Infarction. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 2020; 34 (9): 2501-2512. doi: 10.1053/j.jvca.2019.10.005.Sykes R., Briscoe M., Krysztofiak T., Peck O., Mangion K., Berry C. Type 2 myocardial infarction and myocardial injury: eligibility for novel medical therapy to derisk clinical trials. Open Heart. 2021 Jun;8(1):e001633. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2021-001633.Sykes R., Briscoe M., Krysztofiak T., Peck O., Mangion K., Berry C. Type 2 myocardial infarction and myocardial injury: eligibility for novel medical therapy to derisk clinical trials. Open Heart. 2021 Jun;8(1):e001633. doi: 10.1136/openhrt-2021-001633.Raphael C.E., Roger V.L., Sandoval Y., Singh M., Bell M., Lerman A., Rihal C.S., Gersh B.J., Lewis B., Lennon R.J., Jaffe A.S., Gulati R. Incidence, Trends, and Outcomes of Type 2 Myocardial Infarction in a Community Cohort. Circulation. 2020; 141 (6): 454-463. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043100.Raphael C.E., Roger V.L., Sandoval Y., Singh M., Bell M., Lerman A., Rihal C.S., Gersh B.J., Lewis B., Lennon R.J., Jaffe A.S., Gulati R. Incidence, Trends, and Outcomes of Type 2 Myocardial Infarction in a Community Cohort. Circulation. 2020; 141 (6): 454-463. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.043100.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.