<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">kpccz</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Комплексные проблемы сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2306-1278</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9537</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17802/2306-1278-2025-14-6S-126-135</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">kpccz-1694</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Анестезиология и реаниматология</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDIES. Intensive care</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ИССЛЕДОВАНИЕ ВЛИЯНИЯ КЕТАМИНА НА КЛЕТОЧНУЮ МОДЕЛЬ НЕЙРОВАСКУЛЯРНОЙ ЕДИНИЦЫ И ЕГО НЕЙРОПРОТЕКТОРНОЙ РОЛИ У ДЕТЕЙ ПРИ КАРДИОХИРУРГИЧЕСКИХ ОПЕРАЦИЯХ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>INVESTIGATION OF KETAMINE EFFECTS ON A CELLULAR MODEL OF THE NEUROVASCULAR UNIT AND ITS NEUROPROTECTIVE ROLE IN CHILDREN UNDERGOING CARDIAC SURGERY</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3899-1642</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивкин</surname><given-names>Артем Александрович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivkin</surname><given-names>Artem A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук заведующий лабораторией органопротекции у детей с врожденными пороками сердца отдела хирургии сердца и сосудов федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний», Кемерово, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Head of the Laboratory of Organoprotection in Children with Congenital Heart Defects, Department of Heart and Vascular Surgery, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases ”, Kemerovo, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">aai-tema@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9718-1260</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Хилажева</surname><given-names>Елена Дмитриевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Khilazheva</surname><given-names>Elena D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>старший преподаватель кафедры биологической химии с курсами медицинской, фармацевтической и токсикологической химии, научный сотрудник научно-исследовательского института молекулярной медицины и патобиохимии федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Красноярский государственный медицинский университет имени профессора В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, Красноярск, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Senior Lecturer at the Department of Biological Chemistry with courses in Medical, Pharmaceutical and Toxicological Chemistry, Researcher at the Research Institute of Molecular Medicine and Pathobiochemistry of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">elena.hilazheva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7344-7925</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мосягина</surname><given-names>Ангелина Ивановна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mosyagina</surname><given-names>Angelina I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>очный аспирант федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Красноярский государственный медицинский университет имени профессора В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, Красноярск, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>full-time postgraduate student at the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Krasnoyarsk, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">angelina.mosiagina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0246-3466</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Михайлова</surname><given-names>Алена Александровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mikhailova</surname><given-names>Alyona A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории органопротекции у детей с врожденными пороками сердца отдела хирургии сердца и сосудов федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний», Кемерово, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher at the Laboratory of Organoprotection in Children with Congenital Heart Defects, Department of Heart and Vascular Surgery, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases ”, Kemerovo, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">carfagenez@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases”<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Красноярский государственный медицинский университет имени профессора В.Ф. Войно-Ясенецкого» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Krasnoyarsk State Medical University named after Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky” of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>18</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>6S</issue><fpage>126</fpage><lpage>135</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Ивкин А.А., Хилажева Е.Д., Мосягина А.И., Михайлова А.А., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Ивкин А.А., Хилажева Е.Д., Мосягина А.И., Михайлова А.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ivkin A.A., Khilazheva E.D., Mosyagina A.I., Mikhailova A.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nii-kpssz.com/jour/article/view/1694">https://www.nii-kpssz.com/jour/article/view/1694</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Основные положения</title><p>Основные положения</p><p>Данная статья посвящена исследованию влияния кетамина на клеточную модель нейроваскулярной единицы при моделировании условий, подобных кардиохирургической операции.</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Выявить эффекты кетамина на клеточную модель нейроваскулярной единицы в условиях моделирования гипоксии и действия ИЛ-6.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Сформирована модель нейроваскулярной единицы (НВЕ) in vitro, состоящая из нейронов, астроцитов и эндотелиоцитов. Условиями нормоксии являлось содержание кислорода в среде 20%, гипоксии – 4%. Для выявления потенциальных эффектов кетамина на культуру нейроваскулярной единицы клетки культивировали с сывороткой, полученной от трёх групп пациентов с различными схемами применения: после инфузии кетамина на протяжении 16 часов в дозе 0,1 мг/кг/час, в дозе 0,3 мг/кг/час и от пациентов, которым не проводилась инфузия кетамина. Все три группы клеток далее были инкубированы в условиях нормоксии и гипоксии с дальнейшим определением интенсивности флюоресценции окклюдина-1, клаудина-5 и экспрессии</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Интенсивность флуоресценции окклюдина-1 и клаудина-5 не отличалась между группами с различным содержанием кетамина и контрольной группой; в условиях гипоксии изменений не произошло. Интенсивность флуоресценции для экспрессии рецепторов интерлейкина-1 и интерлейкина-6 снизилась в группе с применением кетамина, с увеличением дозы кетамина эффект усиливался. В условиях гипоксии снижение интенсивности флуоресценции было более выраженным.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Воздействие кетамина на клетки НВЕ в эксперименте in vitro не оказало значимого влияния на экспрессию белков плотных контактов в условиях нормоксии и гипоксии, однако привело к снижению экспрессии рецепторов интерлейкинов, которое было дозозависимым и более выраженным после воздействия гипоксии на клетки НВЕ.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>HighlightsThis article is devoted to the study of the effect of ketamine on the cellular model of the neurovascular unit in modeling conditions similar to cardiac surgery.</p><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To reveal the effects of ketamine on the cell model of the neurovascular unit within hypoxia and the impact of IL-6.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. An in vitro neurovascular unit (NVE) model consisting of neurons, astrocytes, and endotheliocytes has been formed. The normoxia conditions were the oxygen fraction in the medium of 20%, hypoxia – 4%. To identify the effect of ketamine on the culture of the neurovascular unit, cells were cultured with serum obtained from three groups of patients at different points: after ketamine infusion for 16 hours at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg/hour, at a dose of 0.3 mg/kg/hour, and from patients who did not receive ketamine infusion. All three groups of cells were further cultured under conditions of normoxia and hypoxia.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. The fluorescence intensity of occludin-1 and claudin-5 did not differ between the groups with different ketamine levels and the control group, and there were no changes under hypoxic conditions. The fluorescence intensity for the expression of interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 receptors decreased in the ketamine group, and the effect increased with increasing ketamine dose. Under hypoxic conditions, the decrease in fluorescence intensity was more significant.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The effect of ketamine on NVU cells in an in vitro experiment did not significantly affect the expression of tight junction proteins under conditions of normoxia and hypoxia, however, it led to decreasing expression of interleukin receptors, which was more significant after exposure to hypoxia on NVU cells.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Нейроваскулярная единица</kwd><kwd>Кетамин</kwd><kwd>Нейропротекция</kwd><kwd>Врожденные пороки сердца</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Neurovascular unit</kwd><kwd>Ketamine</kwd><kwd>Cerebral protection</kwd><kwd>Cjngenital heart defects</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Исследование выполнено на средства гранта Российского научного фонда № 23-75-01029, https:// rscf.ru/project/23-75-01029/.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Guenther U., Theuerkauf N., Frommann I., Brimmers K., Malik R., Stori S., Scheidemann M., et al. Predisposing and precipitating factors of delirium after cardiac surgery: a prospective obser- vational cohort study. Annals of Surgery. 2013; 257 (6): 1160–1167. DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e318281b01c.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Guenther U., Theuerkauf N., Frommann I., Brimmers K., Malik R., Stori S., Scheidemann M., et al. Predisposing and precipitating factors of delirium after cardiac surgery: a prospective obser- vational cohort study. Annals of Surgery. 2013; 257 (6): 1160–1167. DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e318281b01c.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hirata Y. Cardiopulmonary bypass for pediatric cardiac sur- gery. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2018; 66 (2): 65–70. DOI: 10.1007/s11748-017-0870-1.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Hirata Y. Cardiopulmonary bypass for pediatric cardiac sur- gery. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2018; 66 (2): 65–70. DOI: 10.1007/s11748-017-0870-1.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Борисенко Д.В., Ивкин А.А., Шукевич Д.Л. Современные методы ограничения системного воспалительного ответа при коррекции врожденных пороков сердца у детей в условиях искусственного кровообращения. Комплексные проблемы сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. 2021;10(2): . DOI: 10.17802/2306-1278- 2021-10-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Borisenko D.V., Ivkin A.A., Shukevich D.L. Treatment of systemic inflammatory response syndrome following on-pump pediatric congenital heart surgery. Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases. 2021;10(2): 113-124. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.17802/2306-1278-2021-10-2-113-124</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivkin, A.; Grigoriev, E.; Mikhailova, A. Impact of Intraoperative Blood Transfusion on Cerebral Injury in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Congenital Septal Heart Defect Surgery. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 6050. DOI: 10.3390/ jcm13206050</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivkin, A.; Grigoriev, E.; Mikhailova, A. Impact of Intraoperative Blood Transfusion on Cerebral Injury in Pediatric Patients Undergoing Congenital Septal Heart Defect Surgery. J. Clin. Med. 2024, 13, 6050. DOI: 10.3390/ jcm13206050</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Saylan S., Akbulut U.E. A comparison of ketamine-midazolam combination and propofol-fentanyl combination on procedure comfort and recovery process in pediatric colonoscopy procedures. Pak J Med Sci. 2021; 37(2): 483–488. DOI: 10.12669/pjms.37.2.2787</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Saylan S., Akbulut U.E. A comparison of ketamine-midazolam combination and propofol-fentanyl combination on procedure comfort and recovery process in pediatric colonoscopy procedures. Pak J Med Sci. 2021; 37(2): 483–488. DOI: 10.12669/pjms.37.2.2787</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kim K.S., Jeon M.T., Kim E.S. et al. Activation of NMDA receptors in brain endothelial cells increases transcellular permeability. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2022. 19(1): 70. DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00364-6</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kim K.S., Jeon M.T., Kim E.S. et al. Activation of NMDA receptors in brain endothelial cells increases transcellular permeability. Fluids Barriers CNS. 2022. 19(1): 70. DOI: 10.1186/s12987-022-00364-6</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao J, Zhang R, Wang W, Jiang S, Liang H, Guo C, Qi J, Zeng H, Song H. Low-dose ketamine inhibits neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation in PC12 cells via α7nAChR mediated TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023 Apr;117:109880. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109880</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao J, Zhang R, Wang W, Jiang S, Liang H, Guo C, Qi J, Zeng H, Song H. Low-dose ketamine inhibits neuronal apoptosis and neuroinflammation in PC12 cells via α7nAChR mediated TLR4/MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol. 2023 Apr;117:109880. doi: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.109880</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Santos L, Dos Santos Petry F, Saibro-Girardi C, Hansen J, Martins D, Fröhlich N, Possa L, Mendes LFB, Farias HR, Silva AM, Deitos IG, Bittencourt RR, de Oliveira J, Gelain DP, Almeida RF, Moreira JCF. Neuroprotective Role of Ketamine in Reducing Neuroinflammation and Enhancing Neuroplasticity Against a Cortisol-Induced In vitro Stress Model. Mol Neurobiol. 2025 Oct;62(10):13012-13028. doi: 10.1007/s12035-025-05114-x.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Santos L, Dos Santos Petry F, Saibro-Girardi C, Hansen J, Martins D, Fröhlich N, Possa L, Mendes LFB, Farias HR, Silva AM, Deitos IG, Bittencourt RR, de Oliveira J, Gelain DP, Almeida RF, Moreira JCF. Neuroprotective Role of Ketamine in Reducing Neuroinflammation and Enhancing Neuroplasticity Against a Cortisol-Induced In vitro Stress Model. Mol Neurobiol. 2025 Oct;62(10):13012-13028. doi: 10.1007/s12035-025-05114-x.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Li H, Hu W, Wu Z, Tian B, Ren Y, Zou X. Esketamine improves cognitive function in sepsis-associated encephalopathy by inhibiting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2024 Nov 15;983:177014. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.177014.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Li H, Hu W, Wu Z, Tian B, Ren Y, Zou X. Esketamine improves cognitive function in sepsis-associated encephalopathy by inhibiting microglia-mediated neuroinflammation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2024 Nov 15;983:177014. doi: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.177014.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhao J, Liu X, Chang D, Zhang X, Lian H, Du X, Gao L. Low-Dose Ketamine Improves LPS-Induced Depression-like Behavior in Rats by Activating Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathways. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2020 Mar 4;11(5):752-762. doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00669.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhao J, Liu X, Chang D, Zhang X, Lian H, Du X, Gao L. Low-Dose Ketamine Improves LPS-Induced Depression-like Behavior in Rats by Activating Cholinergic Anti-inflammatory Pathways. ACS Chem Neurosci. 2020 Mar 4;11(5):752-762. doi: 10.1021/acschemneuro.9b00669.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ивкин А.А., Григорьев Е.В., Балахнин Д.Г., Михайлова А.А. Применение послеоперационной инфузии кетамина с целью церебропротекции у детей в кардиохирургии. Комплексные проблемы сердечно- сосудистых заболеваний. 2024;13(3S): 98-109. DOI: 10.17802/2306-1278-2024-13-3S-98-109</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivkin A.A., Grigoriev E.V., Balakhnin D.G., Mikhailova A.A. Use of postoperative ketamine infusion for cerebral protection in children in cardiac surgery. Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases. 2024;13(3S):98-109. (In Russ.) DOI: 10.17802/2306-1278-2024-13-3S-98-109</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Maisat W, Yuki K. Narrative review of systemic inflammatory response mechanisms in cardiac surgery and immunomodulatory role of anesthetic agents. Ann Card Anaesth. 2023 Apr-Jun;26(2):133-142. doi: 10.4103/aca.aca_147_22.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Maisat W, Yuki K. Narrative review of systemic inflammatory response mechanisms in cardiac surgery and immunomodulatory role of anesthetic agents. Ann Card Anaesth. 2023 Apr-Jun;26(2):133-142. doi: 10.4103/aca.aca_147_22.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cenini G., Hebisch M., Iefremova V., Flitsch L.J., Breitkreuz Y., Tanzi R.E., Kim D.Y., Peitz M., Br√Љstle O. Dissecting Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis in human 2D and 3D models. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2021; 110: 103568. . DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103568</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cenini G., Hebisch M., Iefremova V., Flitsch L.J., Breitkreuz Y., Tanzi R.E., Kim D.Y., Peitz M., Br√Љstle O. Dissecting Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis in human 2D and 3D models. Mol Cell Neurosci. 2021; 110: 103568. . DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103568</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang H., Yang H., Shi Y., Xiao Y., Yin Y., Jiang B., Ren H., Chen W., Xue Q., Xu X. Reconstituting neurovascular unit with primary neural stem cells and brain microvascular endothelial cells in three-dimensional matrix. Brain Pathol. 2021; 31 (5): e12940. DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12940</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang H., Yang H., Shi Y., Xiao Y., Yin Y., Jiang B., Ren H., Chen W., Xue Q., Xu X. Reconstituting neurovascular unit with primary neural stem cells and brain microvascular endothelial cells in three-dimensional matrix. Brain Pathol. 2021; 31 (5): e12940. DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12940</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sokolova V., Nzou G., Meer S.B. Van Der, Ruks T., Heggen M., Loza K., Hagemann N., Murke F., Giebel B., Hermann D.M., Atala A.J., Epple M. Acta Biomaterialia Ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (2 nm) can penetrate and enter cell nuclei in an in vitro 3D brain spheroid model. Acta Biomater. 2020; 111: 349-362. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.04.023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sokolova V., Nzou G., Meer S.B. Van Der, Ruks T., Heggen M., Loza K., Hagemann N., Murke F., Giebel B., Hermann D.M., Atala A.J., Epple M. Acta Biomaterialia Ultrasmall gold nanoparticles (2 nm) can penetrate and enter cell nuclei in an in vitro 3D brain spheroid model. Acta Biomater. 2020; 111: 349-362. DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.04.023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Abdelhalim AA, Alarfaj AM. The effect of ketamine versus fentanyl on the incidence of emergence agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy. Saudi J Anaesth. 2013 Oct;7(4):392-8. DOI: 10.4103/1658-354X.121047.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Abdelhalim AA, Alarfaj AM. The effect of ketamine versus fentanyl on the incidence of emergence agitation after sevoflurane anesthesia in pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy with or without adenoidectomy. Saudi J Anaesth. 2013 Oct;7(4):392-8. DOI: 10.4103/1658-354X.121047.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lee YS, Kim WY, Choi JH, Son JH, Kim JH, Park YC. The effect of ketamine on the incidence of emergence agitation in children undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy under sevoflurane general anesthesia. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2010 May;58(5):440-5. DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2010.58.5.440.</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lee YS, Kim WY, Choi JH, Son JH, Kim JH, Park YC. The effect of ketamine on the incidence of emergence agitation in children undergoing tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy under sevoflurane general anesthesia. Korean J Anesthesiol. 2010 May;58(5):440-5. DOI: 10.4097/kjae.2010.58.5.440.</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Costi D, Cyna AM, Ahmed S, Stephens K, Strickland P, Ellwood J, Larsson JN, Chooi C, Burgoyne LL, Middleton P. Effects of sevoflurane versus other general anaesthesia on emergence agitation in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Sep 12;2014(9):CD007084. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007084.pub2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Costi D, Cyna AM, Ahmed S, Stephens K, Strickland P, Ellwood J, Larsson JN, Chooi C, Burgoyne LL, Middleton P. Effects of sevoflurane versus other general anaesthesia on emergence agitation in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014 Sep 12;2014(9):CD007084. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007084.pub2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
