<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">kpccz</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Комплексные проблемы сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2306-1278</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9537</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17802/2306-1278-2025-14-4-176-194</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">kpccz-1723</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОНЛАЙН. ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Патологическая физиология</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ONLINE. ORIGINAL STUDIES. Pathological physiology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ПАТОМОРФОЛОГИЧЕСКИЕ ПАТТЕРНЫ ДИСФУНКЦИЙ КСЕНОПЕРИКАРДИАЛЬНЫХ БИОПРОТЕЗОВ КЛАПАНОВ СЕРДЦА МОДЕЛИ «ЮНИЛАЙН»</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>PATHOMORPHOLOGICAL PATTERNS OF DYSFUNCTIONS OF XENOPERICARDIAL BIOPROSTHESES OF HEART VALVES OF THE “UNILINE” MODEL</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7477-3979</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Овчаренко</surname><given-names>Евгений Андреевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ovcharenko</surname><given-names>Evgeny A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат технических наук заведующий лабораторией новых биоматериалов федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний», Кемерово, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Technical Sciences, Head of the Laboratory of New Biomaterials of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Scientific Research Institute of Complex Problems of Cardiovascular Diseases", Kemerovo, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">ovchea@kemcardio.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4890-0393</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Глушкова</surname><given-names>Татьяна Владимировна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Glushkova</surname><given-names>Tatiana V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук старший научный сотрудник лаборатории новых биоматериалов федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний», Кемерово, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Candidate of Biological Sciences, Senior Researcher at the Laboratory of New Biomaterials of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Scientific Research Institute of Complex Problems of Cardiovascular Diseases", Kemerovo, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6099-0315</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Костюнин</surname><given-names>Александр Евгеньевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kostyunin</surname><given-names>Alexander E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат биологических наук старший научный сотрудник лаборатории новых биоматериалов федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний», Кемерово, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Senior Researcher at the Laboratory of New Biomaterials of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Scientific Research Institute of Complex Problems of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-8957-5041</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клюева</surname><given-names>Анастасия Александровна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Klyueva</surname><given-names>Anastasia A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории геномной медицины федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний», Кемерово, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher at the Laboratory of Genomic Medicine of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Scientific Research Institute of Complex Problems of Cardiovascular Diseases", Kemerovo, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0033-9376</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Акентьева</surname><given-names>Татьяна Николаевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Akentieva</surname><given-names>Tatiana N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории новых биоматериалов федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний», Кемерово, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher at the Laboratory of New Biomaterials of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Scientific Research Institute of Complex Problems of Cardiovascular Diseases", Kemerovo, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">t.akentyeva@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7388-356X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Поддубняк</surname><given-names>Алена Олеговна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Poddubnyak</surname><given-names>Alyona O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>лаборант-исследователь лаборатории геномной медицины федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний», Кемерово, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Laboratory Researcher at the Laboratory of Genomic Medicine of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Scientific Research Institute of Complex Problems of Cardiovascular Diseases", Kemerovo, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0008-7392-2344</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фокеева</surname><given-names>Марина Павловна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Fokeeva</surname><given-names>Marina P.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории новых биоматериалов федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний», Кемерово, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher at the Laboratory of New Biomaterials of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Scientific Research Institute of Complex Problems of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3211-1250</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Клышников</surname><given-names>Кирилл Юрьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Klyshnikov</surname><given-names>Kirill Yu.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук старший научный сотрудник лаборатории новых биоматериалов федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний», Кемерово, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Senior Researcher at the Laboratory of New Biomaterials of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Scientific Research Institute of Complex Problems of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1341-204X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Стасев</surname><given-names>Александр Николаевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Stasev</surname><given-names>Alexander N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук старший научный сотрудник лаборатории пороков сердца федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний», Кемерово, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Senior Researcher at the Laboratory of Heart Defects of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution Scientific Research Institute of Complex Problems of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4642-3610</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Барбараш</surname><given-names>Ольга Леонидовна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Barbarash</surname><given-names>Olga L..</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>академик РАН директор федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний», Кемерово, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Academician of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Director of the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Scientific Research Institute of Complex Problems of Cardiovascular Diseases", Kemerovo, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru"><institution>Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний»</institution><country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en"><institution>Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases”</institution><country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>31</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>4</issue><fpage>176</fpage><lpage>194</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Овчаренко Е.А., Глушкова Т.В., Костюнин А.Е., Клюева А.А., Акентьева Т.Н., Поддубняк А.О., Фокеева М.П., Клышников К.Ю., Стасев А.Н., Барбараш О.Л., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Овчаренко Е.А., Глушкова Т.В., Костюнин А.Е., Клюева А.А., Акентьева Т.Н., Поддубняк А.О., Фокеева М.П., Клышников К.Ю., Стасев А.Н., Барбараш О.Л.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Ovcharenko E.A., Glushkova T.V., Kostyunin A.E., Klyueva A.A., Akentieva T.N., Poddubnyak A.O., Fokeeva M.P., Klyshnikov K.Y., Stasev A.N., Barbarash O.L.</copyright-holder><license xml:lang="ru" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.</license-p></license><license xml:lang="en" license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nii-kpssz.com/jour/article/view/1723">https://www.nii-kpssz.com/jour/article/view/1723</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Основные положения</title><p>Основные положения</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Выполнить комплексную оценку патоморфологических изменений в БП модели «ЮниЛайн», эксплантированных по причине дисфункции.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Изучено 44 БП модели «ЮниЛайн», удаленных у соответствующего числа реципиентов при репротезировании клапанов. Для выявления состава и оценки микроструктуры биоматериала производили криотомирование створок с последующим окрашиванием срезов гематоксилином и эозином, пентахромом по Расселу–Мовату, масляным красным и ализариновым красным С. Колонии бактерий в образцах детектировали окрашиванием по Граму. Типирование клеток выполняли иммуногистохимическим методом, используя набор реактивов NovoLink Polimer DS и антитела к пан-лейкоцитарному маркеру (CD45), маркерам Т- и В-лимфоцитов (CD3 и CD19 соответственно), макрофагов (CD68), нейтрофилов (MPO) и тромбоцитов (CD62p). Окрашенные срезы сканировали на микроскопе MT5300L, полученные гистологические слайды анализировали в программах QuPath и Fiji. Для анализа патоморфологических паттернов дисфункций БП провели кластерный анализ.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Анализ клинических данных и результатов патоморфологического исследования показал, что причинами развития дисфункций в изученной выборке БП стали ПЭ и СКД. Пациенты в группах ПЭ и СКД не имели значимых клинико-демографических различий. Средний срок функционирования БП при ПЭ составил 30 месяцев, при СКД – 74 месяца. Для клапанов, удаленных по причине СКД отмечена кальцификация створок и наличие в них разрывов. Большая часть БП с ПЭ отличались присутствием вегетаций на створчатом аппарате. Клапаны с СКД характеризовались умеренной макрофагальной инфильтрацией, тогда как при ПЭ выявлена агрессивная инвазия нейтрофилов. С помощью алгоритмов кластерного анализа выделено 2 стабильных паттерна дисфункций: первый характеризовался типичными для СКД признаками, включающими хроническое воспаление и кальцификацию, второй соответствовал персистирующему острому воспалению при ПЭ.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Ключевые паттерны дисфункций клапанов «ЮниЛайн», стабилизированных диглицидиловым эфиром этиленгликоля, сводятся к двум патоморфологическим сценариям, связанным с развитием ПЭ или СКД. Выявленные паттерны аналогичны основным причинам дегенерации БП, обработанных глутаровым альдегидом. Это указывает на фундаментальные ограничения использования химически сшитого ксеноперикарда для производства БП и, как следствие, необходимость разработки новых материалов и методов, направленных на повышение долговечности искусственных клапанов сердца.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Highlights</title><p>Highlights</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec><sec><title>Abstract</title><p>Abstract </p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the pathomorphological changes in “Uniline” bioprosthetic heart valves (BHVs) explanted due to dysfunction.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. A total of 44 “Uniline” BHVs, retrieved from an equal number of recipients during valve re-replacement procedures were examined. To determine cellular composition and assess biomaterial microstructure, valve leaflets were sectioned and stained using hematoxylin and eosin, Russell-Movat pentachrome, Oil Red O, and Alizarin Red S. Bacterial colonies were identified using Gram staining. Immunohistochemistry was performed with the NovoLink Polymer DS detection system and antibodies against the pan-leukocyte marker (CD45), T-lymphocytes (CD3), B-lymphocytes (CD19), macrophages (CD68), neutrophils (MPO), and platelets (CD62p). Stained sections were scanned on an MT5300L microscope, and the resulting histological slides were analyzed using QuPath and Fiji software. Cluster analysis was performed to identify pathomorphological patterns of BHV dysfunction.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Clinical and pathomorphological data confirmed PE and SVD as the underlying causes of dysfunction within the cohort. Patients in the PE and SVD groups showed no significant clinical or demographic differences. The mean duration of BHV function was 30 months for PE and 74 months for SVD. Valves explanted due to SVD exhibited leaflet calcification and tears. Most BHVs with PE were characterized by the presence of vegetations on the leaflets. SVD-affected valves displayed moderate macrophage infiltration, whereas PE cases showed aggressive neutrophil invasion. Cluster analysis algorithms identified two stable patterns of dysfunction: the first was characterized by features typical of SVD, including chronic inflammation and calcification, while the second corresponded to persistent acute inflammation associated with PE.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. PE and SVD are key pathomorphological patterns of dysfunction in “Uniline” BHVs, treated with ethyleneglycol diglycidyl ether. The identified patterns are the same as the main causes of degeneration in BHVs treated with glutaraldehyde. This underscores fundamental limitations in using chemically cross-linked xenopericardium for BHV manufacturing and, consequently, highlights the necessity for developing new materials and methods aimed at improving the durability of artificial heart valves.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Биологические протезы клапанов сердца</kwd><kwd>Протезный эндокардит</kwd><kwd>Структурная клапанная дегенерация</kwd><kwd>Воспаление</kwd><kwd>Патоморфологический анализ</kwd><kwd>Кластерный анализ</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Heart valve bioprostheses</kwd><kwd>Prosthetic endocarditis</kwd><kwd>Structural valve degeneration</kwd><kwd>Inflammation</kwd><kwd>Pathomorphological analysis</kwd><kwd>Cluster analysis</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа подготовлена в рамках комплексной программы фундаментальных научных исследований СО РАН по фундаментальной теме НИИ КПССЗ № 0419-2022-0001 «Молекулярные, клеточные и биомеханические механизмы патогенеза сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний в разработке новых методов лечения заболеваний сердечно-сосудистой системы на основе персонифицированной фармакотерапии, внедрения малоинвазивных медицинских изделий, биоматериалов и тканеинженерных имплантатов».</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Кудрявцева Ю.А. Биологические протезы клапана сердца. От идеи до клинического примене-ния. Комплексные проблемы сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. 2015; 4:6-16. doi:10.17802/2306-1278-2015-4-6-16</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kudryavtseva Yu.A. Bioprosthetic heart valves. From idea to clinical use. Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases. 2015; 4:6-16. (In Russian) doi:10.17802/2306-1278-2015-4-6-16</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Барбараш Л.С., Журавлева И.Ю. Эволюция биопротезов клапанов сердца: достижения и про-блемы двух десятилетий. Комплексные проблемы сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. 2012; 1:4-11. doi:10.17802/2306-1278-2012-1-4-11</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barbarash L.S., Zhuravleva I.Yu. Bioprosthetic heart valve evolution: two decades of advances and challenges. Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases. 2012; 1:4-11. (In Russian) doi:10.17802/2306-1278-2012-1-4-11</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Karaskov A., Sharifulin R., Zheleznev S., Demin I., Lenko E., Bogachev-Prokophiev A. Results of the Ross procedure in adults: a single-Centre experience of 741 operations. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2016; 49:e97-e104. doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezw047</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karaskov A., Sharifulin R., Zheleznev S., Demin I., Lenko E., Bogachev-Prokophiev A. Results of the Ross procedure in adults: a single-Centre experience of 741 operations. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2016; 49:e97-e104. doi:10.1093/ejcts/ezw047</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nichay N.R., Zhuravleva I.Y., Kulyabin Y.Y., Zubritskiy A.V., Voitov A.V., Soynov I.A., Gorbatykh A.V., Bogachev-Prokophiev A.V., Karaskov A.M. Diepoxy- versus glutaraldehyde-treated xenografts: out-comes of right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction in children. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg. 2020; 11:56-64. doi:10.1177/2150135119885900</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nichay N.R., Zhuravleva I.Y., Kulyabin Y.Y., Zubritskiy A.V., Voitov A.V., Soynov I.A., Gorbatykh A.V., Bogachev-Prokophiev A.V., Karaskov A.M. Diepoxy- versus glutaraldehyde-treated xenografts: outcomes of right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction in children. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg. 2020; 11:56-64. doi:10.1177/2150135119885900</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zhuravleva I.Y., Karpova E.V., Dokuchaeva A.A., Titov A.T., Timchenko T.P., Vasilieva M.B. Calcifica-tion of various bioprosthetic materials in rats: is it really different? Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24(8):7274. doi:10.3390/ijms24087274</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhuravleva I.Y., Karpova E.V., Dokuchaeva A.A., Titov A.T., Timchenko T.P., Vasilieva M.B. Calcification of various bioprosthetic materials in rats: is it really different? Int J Mol Sci. 2023; 24(8):7274. doi:10.3390/ijms24087274</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Глушкова Т.В., Овчаренко Е.А., Рогулина Н.В., Клышников К.Ю., Кудрявцева Ю.А., Барбараш Л.С. Дисфункции эпоксиобработанных биопротезов клапанов сердца. Кардиология. 2019; 59(10):49-59. doi:10.18087/cardio.2019.10.n327</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Glushkova T.V., Ovcharenko E.A., Rogulina N.V., Klyshnikov K.Yu., Kudryavtseva Yu.A., Barbarash L.S. Dysfunction patterns of epoxy-treated tissue heart valves. Kardiologiia. 2019; 59(10):49-59. (In Russian) doi:10.18087/cardio.2019.10.n327</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Караськов А.М., Железнев С.И., Рогулина Н.В., Сапегин А.В., Одаренко Ю.Н., Левадин Ю.В., Рутковская Н.В., Барбараш Л.С. Отечественный биологический протез нового поколения «ЮниЛайн» в хирургии митрального порока: первый опыт. Грудная и сердечно-сосудистая хи-рургия. 2017; 59(2):98-104. doi:10.24022/0236-2791-59-2-98-104</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karaskov A.M, Zheleznev S.I., Rogulina N.V., Sapegin A.V., Odarenko Yu.N., Levadin Yu.V., Rutkovskaya N.V., Barbarash L.S. Next generation russian biological prosthesis “UniLin” for mitral valve replacement: first experience. Russian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 2017; 59(2):98-104. (In Russian) doi:10.24022/0236-2791-59-2-98-104</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Козлов Б.Н., Петлин К.А., Пряхин А.С., Середкина Е.Б., Панфилов Д.С., Шипулин В.М. Непо-средственные и отдаленные результаты применения биопротезов «ЮниЛайн» в аортальной позиции. Клиническая и экспериментальная хирургия. Журнал им. акад. Б.В. Петровского. 2017; 4:37-42. doi:10.24411/2308-1198-2017-00005</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kozlov B.N., Petlin K.A., Pryakhin A.S., Seredkina E.B., Panfilov D.S., Shipulin V.M. Immediate and long-term results of application of UniLine bioprostheses in the aortic position. Clinical and Experimental Surgery. Petrovsky journal. 2017; 4:37-42 (In Russian) doi:10.24411/2308-1198-2017-00005</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мухамадияров Р.А., Рутковская Н.В., Кокорин С.Г., Одаренко Ю.Н., Мильто И.В., Барбараш Л.С. Типирование клеток биопротезов клапанов сердца, эксплантированных вследствие развития кальций-ассоциированных дисфункций. Бюллетень сибирской медицины. 2018; 17(4):94-102. doi:10.20538/1682-0363-2018-4-94-102</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mukhamadiyarov R.A., Rutkovskaya N.V., Kokorin S.G., Odarenko Yu.N., Milto I.V., Barbarash L.S. Cell typing of biological heart valves prosthesis explanated due to the development of calcium-associated dysfunctions. Bulletin of Siberian Medicine. 2018; 17(4):94-102. (In Russian) doi:10.20538/1682-0363-2018-4-94-102</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Мухамадияров Р.А., Рутковская Н.В., Сидорова О.Д., Барбараш Л.С. Исследование клеточного состава кальцинированных биопротезов клапанов сердца. Вестник РАМН. 2015; 70(6):662-668. doi:10.15690/vramn560</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mukhamadiyarov R.A., Rutkovskaya N.V., Sidorova O.D., Barbarash L.S. Cellular composition of calcified bioprosthetic heart valves. Annals of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences. 2015; 70(6):662-668. (In Russian) doi:10.15690/vramn560</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Барбараш Л.С., Караськов А.М., Семеновский М.Л., Журавлева И.Ю., Одаренко Ю.Н., Вавилов П.А., Нохрин А.В., Астапов Д.А. Биопротезы клапанов сердца в России: опыт трех клиник. Патоло-гия кровообращения и кардиохирургия. 2011; 2:21-26</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Barbarash L.S., Karaskov A.M., Semenovsky M.L., Zhuravleva I.Yu., Odarenko Yu.N., Vavilov P.A., Nokhrin A.V., Astapov D.A. Bioprostheses of heart valves in Russia: experience of three clinics. Pathology of Blood Circulation and Cardiac Surgery. 2011; (2):21-26. (In Russian)</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Fowler V.G., Durack D.T., Selton-Suty C., Athan E., Bayer A.S., Chamis A.L., Dahl A., DiBernardo L., Durante-Mangoni E., Duval X., Fortes C.Q., Fosbøl E., Hannan M.M., Hasse B., Hoen B., Karchmer A.W., Mestres C.A., Petti C.A., Pizzi M.N., Preston S.D., Roque A., Vandenesch F., van der Meer J.T.M., van der Vaart T.W., Miro J.M. The 2023 Duke-international society for cardiovascular infectious diseases criteria for infective endocarditis: updating the modified Duke criteria. Clin Infect Dis. 2023; 77(4):518-526. doi:10.1093/cid/ciad271</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Fowler V.G., Durack D.T., Selton-Suty C., Athan E., Bayer A.S., Chamis A.L., Dahl A., DiBernardo L., Durante-Mangoni E., Duval X., Fortes C.Q., Fosbøl E., Hannan M.M., Hasse B., Hoen B., Karchmer A.W., Mestres C.A., Petti C.A., Pizzi M.N., Preston S.D., Roque A., Vandenesch F., van der Meer J.T.M., van der Vaart T.W., Miro J.M. The 2023 Duke-international society for cardiovascular infectious diseases criteria for infective endocarditis: updating the modified Duke criteria. Clin Infect Dis. 2023; 77(4):518-526. doi:10.1093/cid/ciad271</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bankhead P., Loughrey M.B., Fernández J.A., Dombrowski Y., McArt D.G., Dunne P.D., McQuaid S., Gray R.T., Murray L.J., Coleman H.G., James J.A., Salto-Tellez M., Hamilton P.W. QuPath: Open source software for digital pathology image analysis. Sci Rep. 2017; 7(1):16878. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17204-5</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bankhead P., Loughrey M.B., Fernández J.A., Dombrowski Y., McArt D.G., Dunne P.D., McQuaid S., Gray R.T., Murray L.J., Coleman H.G., James J.A., Salto-Tellez M., Hamilton P.W. QuPath: Open source software for digital pathology image analysis. Sci Rep. 2017; 7(1):16878. doi:10.1038/s41598-017-17204-5</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Schindelin J., Arganda-Carreras I., Frise E., Kaynig V., Longair M., Pietzsch T., Preibisch S., Rueden C., Saalfeld S., Schmid B., Tinevez J.Y., White D.J., Hartenstein V., Eliceiri K., Tomancak P., Cardona A. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods. 2012; 9(7):676-682. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2019</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Schindelin J., Arganda-Carreras I., Frise E., Kaynig V., Longair M., Pietzsch T., Preibisch S., Rueden C., Saalfeld S., Schmid B., Tinevez J.Y., White D.J., Hartenstein V., Eliceiri K., Tomancak P., Cardona A. Fiji: an open-source platform for biological-image analysis. Nat Methods. 2012; 9(7):676-682. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2019</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Healy J., McInnes L. Uniform manifold approximation and projection. Nat Rev Methods Primers. 2024; 4:82. doi:10.1038/s43586-024-00363-x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Healy J., McInnes L. Uniform manifold approximation and projection. Nat Rev Methods Primers. 2024; 4:82. doi:10.1038/s43586-024-00363-x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rousseeuw P.J. Silhouettes: A graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics. 1987; 20: 53-65. doi:10.1016/0377-0427(87)90125-7</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rousseeuw P.J. Silhouettes: A graphical aid to the interpretation and validation of cluster analysis. Journal of Computational and Applied Mathematics. 1987; 20: 53-65. doi:10.1016/0377-0427(87)90125-7</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Caliński T., Harabasz J. A dendrite method for cluster analysis. Communications in Statistics. 1974; 3(1):1-27. doi:10.1080/03610927408827101</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Caliński T., Harabasz J. A dendrite method for cluster analysis. Communications in Statistics. 1974; 3(1):1-27. doi:10.1080/03610927408827101</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Davies D.L., Bouldin D.W. A cluster separation measure. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 1979; PAMI-1(2):224-227. doi:10.1109/TPAMI.1979.4766909</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Davies D.L., Bouldin D.W. A cluster separation measure. IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence. 1979; PAMI-1(2):224-227. doi:10.1109/TPAMI.1979.4766909</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Berrett T.B., Samworth R.J. USP: an independence test that improves on Pearson's chi-squared and the G-test. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci. 2021; 477(2256):20210549. doi:10.1098/rspa.2021.0549</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Berrett T.B., Samworth R.J. USP: an independence test that improves on Pearson's chi-squared and the G-test. Proc Math Phys Eng Sci. 2021; 477(2256):20210549. doi:10.1098/rspa.2021.0549</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Cote N., Pibarot P., Clavel M.A. Incidence, risk factors, clinical impact, and management of biopros-thesis structural valve degeneration. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2017; 32(2):123-129. doi:10.1097/HCO.0000000000000372</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cote N., Pibarot P., Clavel M.A. Incidence, risk factors, clinical impact, and management of bioprosthesis structural valve degeneration. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2017; 32(2):123-129. doi:10.1097/HCO.0000000000000372</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nappi F. Advancements and challenges in the management of prosthetic valve endocarditis: a re-view. Pathogens. 2024; 13(12):1039. doi:10.3390/pathogens13121039</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nappi F. Advancements and challenges in the management of prosthetic valve endocarditis: a review. Pathogens. 2024; 13(12):1039. doi:10.3390/pathogens13121039</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DeSimone D.C., Garrigos Z.E., Marx G.E., Tattevin P., Hasse B., McCormick D.W., Hannan M.M., Zuhlke L.J., Radke C.S., Baddour L.M. Blood culture-negative endocarditis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association: endorsed by the International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases. J Am Heart Assoc. 2025; 14(8):e040218. doi:10.1161/JAHA.124.040218</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">DeSimone D.C., Garrigos Z.E., Marx G.E., Tattevin P., Hasse B., McCormick D.W., Hannan M.M., Zuhlke L.J., Radke C.S., Baddour L.M. Blood culture-negative endocarditis: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association: endorsed by the International Society for Cardiovascular Infectious Diseases. J Am Heart Assoc. 2025; 14(8):e040218. doi:10.1161/JAHA.124.040218</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lepidi H., Casalta J.P., Fournier P.E., Habib G., Collart F., Raoult D. Quantitative histological examina-tion of bioprosthetic heart valves. Clin Infect Dis. 2006; 42(5):590-596. doi:10.1086/500135</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lepidi H., Casalta J.P., Fournier P.E., Habib G., Collart F., Raoult D. Quantitative histological examination of bioprosthetic heart valves. Clin Infect Dis. 2006; 42(5):590-596. doi:10.1086/500135</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Anton C.I., Ștefan I., Duțulescu S., Stăniceanu F., Buzilă C.A., Ștefan A.T., Streinu-Cercel A. Histolog-ical findings in infective endocarditis-a retrospective cohort study conducted at "Dr. Carol Davila" Cen-tral Military Emergency University Hospital in Bucharest. Life (Basel). 2024; 14(12):1658. doi:10.3390/life14121658</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Anton C.I., Ștefan I., Duțulescu S., Stăniceanu F., Buzilă C.A., Ștefan A.T., Streinu-Cercel A. Histological findings in infective endocarditis-a retrospective cohort study conducted at "Dr. Carol Davila" Central Military Emergency University Hospital in Bucharest. Life (Basel). 2024; 14(12):1658. doi:10.3390/life14121658</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meyers S, Crescente M, Verhamme P, Martinod K. Staphylococcus aureus and neutrophil extracel-lular traps: the master manipulator meets its match in immunothrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2022 Mar;42(3):261-276. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.121.316930</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meyers S, Crescente M, Verhamme P, Martinod K. Staphylococcus aureus and neutrophil extracellular traps: the master manipulator meets its match in immunothrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2022 Mar;42(3):261-276. doi: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.121.316930</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Christian A.J., Lin H., Alferiev I.S., Connolly J.M., Ferrari G., Hazen S.L., Ischiropoulos H., Levy R.J. The susceptibility of bioprosthetic heart valve leaflets to oxidation. Biomaterials. 2014; 35(7):2097-2102. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.045</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Christian A.J., Lin H., Alferiev I.S., Connolly J.M., Ferrari G., Hazen S.L., Ischiropoulos H., Levy R.J. The susceptibility of bioprosthetic heart valve leaflets to oxidation. Biomaterials. 2014; 35(7):2097-2102. doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.11.045</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kostyunin A.E., Glushkova T.V., Lobov A.A., Ovcharenko E.A., Zainullina B.R., Bogdanov L.A., Shish-kova D.K., Markova V.E., Asanov M.A., Mukhamadiyarov R.A., Velikanova E.A., Akentyeva T.N., Rez-vova M.A., Stasev A.N., Evtushenko A.V., Barbarash L.S., Kutikhin A.G. Proteolytic degradation is a ma-jor contributor to bioprosthetic heart valve failure. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023; 12(1):e028215. doi:10.1161/JAHA.122.028215</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kostyunin A.E., Glushkova T.V., Lobov A.A., Ovcharenko E.A., Zainullina B.R., Bogdanov L.A., Shishkova D.K., Markova V.E., Asanov M.A., Mukhamadiyarov R.A., Velikanova E.A., Akentyeva T.N., Rezvova M.A., Stasev A.N., Evtushenko A.V., Barbarash L.S., Kutikhin A.G. Proteolytic degradation is a major contributor to bioprosthetic heart valve failure. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023; 12(1):e028215. doi:10.1161/JAHA.122.028215</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit28"><label>28</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Liu Z., Wang Y., Xie F., Liu X., Li F., Dong N. Elimination of macrophages reduces glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine heart valve degeneration in mice subdermal model. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2021; 9(1):e00716. doi:10.1002/prp2.716</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Liu Z., Wang Y., Xie F., Liu X., Li F., Dong N. Elimination of macrophages reduces glutaraldehyde-fixed porcine heart valve degeneration in mice subdermal model. Pharmacol Res Perspect. 2021; 9(1):e00716. doi:10.1002/prp2.716</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit29"><label>29</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sakaue T., Koyama T., Nakamura Y., Okamoto K., Kawashima T., Umeno T., Nakayama Y., Miyamoto S., Shikata F., Hamaguchi M., Aono J., Kurata M., Namiguchi K., Uchita S., Masumoto J., Yamaguchi O., Higashiyama S., Izutani H. Bioprosthetic valve deterioration: accumulation of circulating proteins and macrophages in the valve interstitium. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2023; 8(7):862-880. doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.01.003</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sakaue T., Koyama T., Nakamura Y., Okamoto K., Kawashima T., Umeno T., Nakayama Y., Miyamoto S., Shikata F., Hamaguchi M., Aono J., Kurata M., Namiguchi K., Uchita S., Masumoto J., Yamaguchi O., Higashiyama S., Izutani H. Bioprosthetic valve deterioration: accumulation of circulating proteins and macrophages in the valve interstitium. JACC Basic Transl Sci. 2023; 8(7):862-880. doi:10.1016/j.jacbts.2023.01.003</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit30"><label>30</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Shetty R., Pibarot P., Audet A., Janvier R., Dagenais F., Perron J., Couture C., Voisine P., Després J.P., Mathieu P. Lipid-mediated inflammation and degeneration of bioprosthetic heart valves. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009; 39(6):471-480. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02132.x</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Shetty R., Pibarot P., Audet A., Janvier R., Dagenais F., Perron J., Couture C., Voisine P., Després J.P., Mathieu P. Lipid-mediated inflammation and degeneration of bioprosthetic heart valves. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009; 39(6):471-480. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2009.02132.x</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit31"><label>31</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Werner P., Gritsch J., Scherzer S., Gross C., Russo M., Coti I., Kocher A., Laufer G., Andreas M. Structural valve deterioration after aortic valve replacement with the Trifecta valve. Interact Cardio-vasc Thorac Surg. 2021; 32(1):39-46. doi:10.1093/icvts/ivaa236</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Werner P., Gritsch J., Scherzer S., Gross C., Russo M., Coti I., Kocher A., Laufer G., Andreas M. Structural valve deterioration after aortic valve replacement with the Trifecta valve. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2021; 32(1):39-46. doi:10.1093/icvts/ivaa236</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit32"><label>32</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yang Y., Sun H., Zhang Y., Zhang T., Gong J., Wei Y., Duan Y.G., Shu M., Yang Y., Wu D., Yu D. Dimen-sionality reduction by UMAP reinforces sample heterogeneity analysis in bulk transcriptomic data. Cell Rep. 2021; 36(4):109442. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109442</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yang Y., Sun H., Zhang Y., Zhang T., Gong J., Wei Y., Duan Y.G., Shu M., Yang Y., Wu D., Yu D. Dimensionality reduction by UMAP reinforces sample heterogeneity analysis in bulk transcriptomic data. Cell Rep. 2021; 36(4):109442. doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109442</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit33"><label>33</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kostyunin A.E., Yuzhalin A.E., Rezvova M.A., Ovcharenko E.A., Glushkova T.V., Kutikhin A.G. De-generation of bioprosthetic heart valves: update 2020. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020; 9(19):e018506. doi:10.1161/JAHA.120.018506</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kostyunin A.E., Yuzhalin A.E., Rezvova M.A., Ovcharenko E.A., Glushkova T.V., Kutikhin A.G. Degeneration of bioprosthetic heart valves: update 2020. J Am Heart Assoc. 2020; 9(19):e018506. doi:10.1161/JAHA.120.018506</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit34"><label>34</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Delgado V., Ajmone Marsan N., de Waha S., Bonaros N., Brida M., Burri H., Caselli S., Doenst T., Ederhy S., Erba P.A., Foldager D., Fosbøl E.L., Kovac J., Mestres C.A., Miller O.I., Miro J.M., Pazdernik M., Pizzi M.N., Quintana E., Rasmussen T.B., Ristić A.D., Rodés-Cabau J., Sionis A., Zühlke L.J., Borger M.A. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of endocarditis. Eur Heart J. 2023; 44(39):3948-4042. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad193</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Delgado V., Ajmone Marsan N., de Waha S., Bonaros N., Brida M., Burri H., Caselli S., Doenst T., Ederhy S., Erba P.A., Foldager D., Fosbøl E.L., Kovac J., Mestres C.A., Miller O.I., Miro J.M., Pazdernik M., Pizzi M.N., Quintana E., Rasmussen T.B., Ristić A.D., Rodés-Cabau J., Sionis A., Zühlke L.J., Borger M.A. 2023 ESC Guidelines for the management of endocarditis. Eur Heart J. 2023; 44(39):3948-4042. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehad193</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit35"><label>35</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ivanovic B., Trifunovic D., Matic S., Petrovic J., Sacic D., Tadic M. Prosthetic valve endocarditis – a trouble or a challenge? J Cardiol. 2019; 73(2):126-133. doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2018.08.007</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ivanovic B., Trifunovic D., Matic S., Petrovic J., Sacic D., Tadic M. Prosthetic valve endocarditis – a trouble or a challenge? J Cardiol. 2019; 73(2):126-133. doi:10.1016/j.jjcc.2018.08.007</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit36"><label>36</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pibarot P., Herrmann H.C., Wu C., Hahn R.T., Otto C.M., Abbas A.E., Chambers J., Dweck M.R., Leip-sic J.A., Simonato M., Rogers T., Sathananthan J., Guerrero M., Ternacle J., Wijeysundera H.C., Sondergaard L., Barbanti M., Salaun E., Généreux P., Kaneko T., Landes U., Wood D.A., Deeb G.M., Sellers S.L., Lewis J., Madhavan M., Gillam L., Reardon M., Bleiziffer S., O'Gara P.T., Rodés-Cabau J., Grayburn P.A., Lancellotti P., Thourani V.H., Bax J.J., Mack M.J., Leon M.B. Standardized definitions for bioprosthetic valve dysfunction following aortic or mitral valve replacement: JACC state-of-the-art re-view. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022; 80(5):545-561. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2022.06.002</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pibarot P., Herrmann H.C., Wu C., Hahn R.T., Otto C.M., Abbas A.E., Chambers J., Dweck M.R., Leipsic J.A., Simonato M., Rogers T., Sathananthan J., Guerrero M., Ternacle J., Wijeysundera H.C., Sondergaard L., Barbanti M., Salaun E., Généreux P., Kaneko T., Landes U., Wood D.A., Deeb G.M., Sellers S.L., Lewis J., Madhavan M., Gillam L., Reardon M., Bleiziffer S., O'Gara P.T., Rodés-Cabau J., Grayburn P.A., Lancellotti P., Thourani V.H., Bax J.J., Mack M.J., Leon M.B. Standardized definitions for bioprosthetic valve dysfunction following aortic or mitral valve replacement: JACC state-of-the-art review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022; 80(5):545-561. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2022.06.002</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit37"><label>37</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Poitier B., Rancic J., Richez U., Piquet J., El Batti S., Smadja D.M. Fibrin deposition on bovine pericar-dium tissue used for bioprosthetic heart valve drives its calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023; 10:1198020. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1198020</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Poitier B., Rancic J., Richez U., Piquet J., El Batti S., Smadja D.M. Fibrin deposition on bovine pericardium tissue used for bioprosthetic heart valve drives its calcification. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2023; 10:1198020. doi:10.3389/fcvm.2023.1198020</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit38"><label>38</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Zakharchenko A., Xue Y., Keeney S., Rock C.A., Alferiev I.S., Stachelek S.J., Takano H., Thomas T., Nagaswami C., Krieger A.M., Chorny M., Ferrari G., Levy R.J. Poly-2-methyl-2-oxazoline-modified bio-prosthetic heart valve leaflets have enhanced biocompatibility and resist structural degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022; 119(6):e2120694119. doi:10.1073/pnas.2120694119</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zakharchenko A., Xue Y., Keeney S., Rock C.A., Alferiev I.S., Stachelek S.J., Takano H., Thomas T., Nagaswami C., Krieger A.M., Chorny M., Ferrari G., Levy R.J. Poly-2-methyl-2-oxazoline-modified bioprosthetic heart valve leaflets have enhanced biocompatibility and resist structural degeneration. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022; 119(6):e2120694119. doi:10.1073/pnas.2120694119</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
