<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//NLM//DTD JATS (Z39.96) Journal Publishing DTD v1.3 20210610//EN" "JATS-journalpublishing1-3.dtd">
<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">kpccz</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Комплексные проблемы сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2306-1278</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9537</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17802/2306-1278-2025-14-6-105-117</article-id><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">kpccz-1821</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Геронтология и гериатрия</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>ПРОДОЛЖИТЕЛЬНОСТЬ ЗДОРОВОЙ ЖИЗНИ В ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОЙ АЗИИ: АТЕРОГЕННАЯ СРЕДА И РЕГИОНАЛЬНЫЕ ОСОБЕННОСТИ КАРДИОМЕТАБОЛИЧЕСКОЙ ПРОФИЛАКТИКИ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>HEALTHY LIFE EXPECTANCY IN CENTRAL ASIA: THE ATHEROGENIC ENVIRONMENT AND REGIONAL FEATURES OF CARDIOMETABOLIC PREVENTION</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5068-9753</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мартыненко</surname><given-names>Александр Владимирович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Martynenko</surname><given-names>Aleksandr V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук врач-терапевт, гериатр общества с ограниченной ответственностью «Многофункциональный медицинский центр» M-clinic, Ташкент, Республика Узбекистан</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD, Internist, Geriatrician, LLC «Multifunctional Medical Center» M-clinic, Tashkent, Uzbekistan</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">docalex120@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1090-4850</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ильницкий</surname><given-names>Андрей Николаевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Ilnitski</surname><given-names>Andrey N.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор заместитель директора автономной некоммерческой организации «Научно-исследовательский медицинский центр «Геронтология», Москва, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Professor, Associate Director, Autonomous non-profit Organization Research Medical Center «Gerontology», Moscow, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a-ilnitski@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8915-533X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Воронина</surname><given-names>Елена Анатольевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Voronina</surname><given-names>Elena A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук заведующая кафедрой социальной медицины федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Кемеровский государственный университет», Кемерово, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Head of the Social Medicine Department, Kemerovo State University, Kemerovo, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">eabvnv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3729-616X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>васильевич</surname><given-names>Кашталап Василий</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kashtalap</surname><given-names>Vasily V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор заведующий отделом клинической кардиологии федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний», Кемерово, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Professor, Head of the Department of Clinical Cardiology, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases”, Kemerovo, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">v_kash@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Общество с ограниченной ответственностью «Многофункциональный медицинский центр» M-clinic<country>Узбекистан</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">LLC “Multifunctional Medical Center” M-clinic<country>Uzbekistan</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Автономная некоммерческая организация «Научно-исследовательский медицинский центр «Геронтология»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Autonomous non-profit Organization Research Medical Center “Gerontology”<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Кемеровский государственный университет»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Kemerovo State University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-4"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases”<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>30</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>14</volume><issue>6</issue><fpage>105</fpage><lpage>117</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Мартыненко А.В., Ильницкий А.Н., Воронина Е.А., васильевич К.В., 2025</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Мартыненко А.В., Ильницкий А.Н., Воронина Е.А., васильевич К.В.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Martynenko A.V., Ilnitski A.N., Voronina E.A., Kashtalap V.V.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nii-kpssz.com/jour/article/view/1821">https://www.nii-kpssz.com/jour/article/view/1821</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Основные положения</title><p>Основные положения</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. В странах Центральной Азии рост ожидаемой продолжительности жизни сочетается с устойчиво высокой смертностью от сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний. Предполагается, что ключевой вклад в утрату здоровья вносит атерогенная среда (калорийно-плотное питание, низкая повседневная активность, тепловые нагрузки, загрязнение воздуха, стресс), усиливающая инсулинорезистентность и триглицерид-зависимую атерогенность в среднем и старшем возрасте.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Изучить липидно-метаболический профиль жителей Центральной Азии в возрасте ≥ 50 лет, оценить показатели триглицерид-опосредованной атерогенности и инсулинорезистентности, их связь с полом, артериальной гипертензией, сахарным диабетом 2-го типа, атеросклерозом брахиоцефальных артерий и приемом статинов; продемонстрировать преобладание влияния общей урбанизированной среды над этническими различиями.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Одноцентровое кросс-секционное исследование (Ташкент, декабрь 2024 г. – август 2025 г.; дата отсечения 04.09.2025). Включено 167 участников (узбеки – 108, русские – 46, корейцы – 13; женщины – 66%) в возрасте ≥ 50 лет, рожденных и проживающих в странах Центральной Азии. Выполнены антропометрия, биохимические и гематологические исследования, допплерография брахиоцефальных артерий. Рассчитаны холестерин, не входящий в состав липопротеидов высокой плотности (не-ЛПВП), AIP, отношение триглицеридов (ТГ) к липопротеидам высокой плотности (ЛПВП), remnant-C, HOMA-IR, QUICKI, TyG, eGFR (CKD-EPI 2021).</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. Во всех этногруппах у женщин отмечен более благоприятный липидный профиль (выше ЛПВП, ниже Castelli I/II, AIP, соотношение ТГ/ЛПВП), тогда как у мужчин формировался фенотип комбинированной дислипидемии (повышенные ТГ, холестерин не-ЛПВП, AIP). У узбекских мужчин показатели HOMA-IR (5,0 ± 3,7) и QUICKI (0,33 ± 0,03) отражали выраженную инсулинорезистентность; схожие направления различий зарегистрированы в русской и корейской стратах. Наличие сахарного диабета 2-го типа было ассоциировано с более высокими уровнями глюкозы, инсулина, HOMA-IR, AIP, холестерина не-ЛПВП, ТГ и снижением eGFR во всех полуэтнических слоях. При артериальной гипертензии определены более высокие значения индекса массы тела, ТГ, AIP и HOMA-IR. На фоне статинов снижались общий холестерин, ЛПНП, холестерин не-ЛПВП, однако AIP и TG/HDL-C оставались повышенными. Менее 40% пациентов достигали целевых значений ЛПНП по результатам терапии. Корреляционный анализ показал устойчивые положительные связи AIP, соотношения ТГ/ЛПВП и холестерина не-ЛПВП с HOMA-IR и TyG и отрицательные – с ЛПВП. Направление эффектов сохранялось при стратификации по полу и этничности.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. В условиях единой урбанизированной среды Центральной Азии доминировала триглицерид-зависимая атерогенность на фоне инсулинорезистентности с менее благоприятным фенотипом у мужчин и при наличии артериальной гипертензии и сахарного диабета 2-го типа независимо от этнической принадлежности. Практические приоритеты включают расширенную липидную оценку (холестерин не-ЛПВП, remnant-C, AIP, TyG), интенсификацию липидснижающей терапии (высокоинтенсивные статины ± эзетимиб/EPA), раннее выявление инсулинорезистентности и средоориентированные профилактические меры (питание, физическая активность, городская среда). Такая стратегия потенциально способна увеличить продолжительность здоровой жизни в регионе.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Highlights</title><p>Highlights</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. In Central Asian countries, rising life expectancy coexists with persistently high cardiovascular mortality. It is assumed that an atherogenic environment (energy-dense diets, low everyday physical activity, heat exposure, air pollution and chronic stress) amplifies insulin resistance and triglyceride-driven atherogenicity in middle-aged and older adults.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To characterize the lipid and metabolic profile of Central Asian residents aged ≥ 50 years; to assess indices of triglyceride-mediated atherogenicity and insulin resistance and their association with sex, arterial hypertension (AH), type 2 diabetes (T2D), carotid atherosclerosis and statin use; and to demonstrate that the impact of a shared urban environment outweighs ethnic differences.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. We conducted a single-centre cross-sectional study in Tashkent (December 2024 – August 2025; cut-off date 4 September 2025). We enrolled 167 participants (Uzbeks n = 108, Russians n = 46, Koreans n = 13; 66% women) aged ≥ 50 years, born and living in Central Asian countries. Anthropometry, biochemical and hematological tests, and carotid duplex ultrasonography were performed. The following indices were calculated: non-HDL-C, AIP, TG/HDL-C, remnant cholesterol, HOMA-IR, QUICKI, TyG and eGFR (CKD-EPI 2021). Statistical analyses included the t-test/Mann–Whitney test, Fisher’s exact test and Spearman’s ρ; multiple testing was controlled using Benjamini–Hochberg FDR correction; α = 0.05.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Across all ethnic groups, women showed a more favorable lipid profile (higher HDL-C, lower Castelli I/II, AIP and TG/HDL-C), whereas men more often exhibited a combined dyslipidemia phenotype (elevated TG, non-HDL-C and AIP). Among Uzbek men, HOMA-IR 5.0 ± 3.7 and QUICKI 0.33 ± 0.03 reflected marked insulin resistance; similar patterns were observed in the Russian and Korean strata. The presence of T2D was associated with higher glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, AIP, non-HDL-C and triglycerides, and with lower eGFR in all sex-ethnic subgroups. In patients with AH, BMI, TG, AIP and HOMA-IR were higher. Under statin therapy, total cholesterol/LDL-C/non-HDL-C were reduced, but AIP and TG/HDL-C remained elevated; fewer than 40% of treated patients achieved LDL-C targets. Correlation analysis demonstrated robust positive associations of AIP, TG/HDL-C and non-HDL-C with HOMA-IR and TyG, and inverse correlations with HDL-C. The direction of effects was preserved after stratification by sex and ethnicity.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusions</title><p>Conclusions. Within a common urban environment in Central Asia, triglyceride-driven atherogenicity on a background of insulin resistance predominates, with a less favorable phenotype in men and in those with T2D and AH, irrespective of ethnic origin. Practical priorities include expanded lipid assessment (non-HDL-C, remnant-C, AIP, TyG), intensification of lipid-lowering therapy (high-intensity statins ± ezetimibe/EPA), early detection of insulin resistance and environment-focused preventive measures (nutrition, physical activity, urban environment). Such a strategy at both clinical and community level has the potential to increase healthy life expectancy in the region.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Центральная Азия</kwd><kwd>Старение</kwd><kwd>Здоровое старение</kwd><kwd>Метаболизм</kwd><kwd>Инсулинорезистентность</kwd><kwd>Атерогенная среда</kwd><kwd>Дислипидемия</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Central Asia</kwd><kwd>Ageing</kwd><kwd>Healthy ageing</kwd><kwd>Metabolism</kwd><kwd>Insulin resistance</kwd><kwd>Atherogenic environment</kwd><kwd>Dyslipidemia</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Представление результатов исследования осуществлено в рамках темы НИИ КПССЗ ФНИ № 0419–2022–0002.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">GBD 2021 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024 May 18;403(10440):2100-2132. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00367-2. Epub 2024 Apr 3. Erratum in: Lancet. 2024 May 18;403(10440):1988. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00824-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GBD 2021 Causes of Death Collaborators. Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990-2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet. 2024 May 18;403(10440):2100-2132. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00367-2. Epub 2024 Apr 3. Erratum in: Lancet. 2024 May 18;403(10440):1988. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00824-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit2"><label>2</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Martynenko A. Assessing the Need for Geriatric Care in Uzbekistan Before the Demographic Wave. Epidemiology and Health Data Insights. 2025;1(5):ehdi017. https://doi.org/10.63946/ehdi/17314</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Martynenko A. Assessing the Need for Geriatric Care in Uzbekistan Before the Demographic Wave. Epidemiology and Health Data Insights. 2025;1(5):ehdi017. https://doi.org/10.63946/ehdi/17314</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit3"><label>3</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S. et al. INTERHEART Study Investigators. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004 Sep 11-17;364(9438):937-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S. et al. INTERHEART Study Investigators. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004 Sep 11-17;364(9438):937-52. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit4"><label>4</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yusuf S, Joseph P, Rangarajan S. et al. Modifiable risk factors, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 155 722 individuals from 21 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020 Mar 7;395(10226):795-808. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32008-2. Epub 2019 Sep 3. Erratum in: Lancet. 2020 Mar 7;395(10226):784. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32282-2</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yusuf S, Joseph P, Rangarajan S. et al. Modifiable risk factors, cardiovascular disease, and mortality in 155 722 individuals from 21 high-income, middle-income, and low-income countries (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020 Mar 7;395(10226):795-808. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32008-2. Epub 2019 Sep 3. Erratum in: Lancet. 2020 Mar 7;395(10226):784. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32282-2</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit5"><label>5</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Chong B, Jayabaskaran J, Jauhari SM. et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: projections from 2025 to 2050. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2025 Aug 25;32(11):1001-1015. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwae281</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chong B, Jayabaskaran J, Jauhari SM. et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases: projections from 2025 to 2050. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2025 Aug 25;32(11):1001-1015. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurjpc/zwae281</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit6"><label>6</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Islam ANMS, Sultana H, Nazmul Hassan Refat M. et al. The global burden of overweight-obesity and its association with economic status, benefiting from STEPs survey of WHO member states: A meta-analysis. Prev Med Rep. 2024 Sep 5;46:102882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2024.102882</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Islam ANMS, Sultana H, Nazmul Hassan Refat M. et al. The global burden of overweight-obesity and its association with economic status, benefiting from STEPs survey of WHO member states: A meta-analysis. Prev Med Rep. 2024 Sep 5;46:102882. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2024.102882</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit7"><label>7</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sidhu SK, Aleman JO, Heffron SP. Obesity Duration and Cardiometabolic Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2023 Oct;43(10):1764-1774. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.123.319023</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sidhu SK, Aleman JO, Heffron SP. Obesity Duration and Cardiometabolic Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2023 Oct;43(10):1764-1774. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.123.319023</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit8"><label>8</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">GBD 2021 Europe Life Expectancy Collaborators. Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990-2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Public Health. 2025 Mar;10(3):e172-e188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(25)00009-X</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">GBD 2021 Europe Life Expectancy Collaborators. Changing life expectancy in European countries 1990-2021: a subanalysis of causes and risk factors from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. Lancet Public Health. 2025 Mar;10(3):e172-e188. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2468-2667(25)00009-X</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit9"><label>9</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Yan, B, Arun, A, Curtis, L. et al. JACC Data Report: Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Trends in the United States (1999-2023). JACC. 2025 Jul, 85 (25) 2495–2498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2025.05.018</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Yan, B, Arun, A, Curtis, L. et al. JACC Data Report: Cardiovascular Disease Mortality Trends in the United States (1999-2023). JACC. 2025 Jul, 85 (25) 2495–2498. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2025.05.018</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit10"><label>10</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Aleksandr Martynenko et al. Geriatric care in traditional communities of Central Asia. Pan African Medical Journal. 2025;52:94. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2025.52.94.49827</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Aleksandr Martynenko et al. Geriatric care in traditional communities of Central Asia. Pan African Medical Journal. 2025;52:94. https://doi.org/10.11604/pamj.2025.52.94.49827</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit11"><label>11</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(1):111-188. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(1):111-188. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz455</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit12"><label>12</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">François Mach, Konstantinos C Koskinas, Jeanine E Roeters van Lennep. et al. ESC/EAS Scientific Document Group , 2025 Focused Update of the 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: Developed by the task force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS), European Heart Journal, 2025;, ehaf190, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf190</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">François Mach, Konstantinos C Koskinas, Jeanine E Roeters van Lennep. et al. ESC/EAS Scientific Document Group , 2025 Focused Update of the 2019 ESC/EAS Guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: Developed by the task force for the management of dyslipidaemias of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Atherosclerosis Society (EAS), European Heart Journal, 2025;, ehaf190, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehaf190</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit13"><label>13</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Dobiášová M. Atherogenic index of plasma [log(triglycerides/HDL-cholesterol)]: theoretical and practical implications. Clin Chem. 2004;50(7):1113-1115. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2004.033175</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dobiášová M. Atherogenic index of plasma [log(triglycerides/HDL-cholesterol)]: theoretical and practical implications. Clin Chem. 2004;50(7):1113-1115. https://doi.org/10.1373/clinchem.2004.033175</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit14"><label>14</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Varbo A, Nordestgaard BG. Remnant Cholesterol and Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis Progression and Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2016;36(11):2133-2135. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.116.308305</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Varbo A, Nordestgaard BG. Remnant Cholesterol and Triglyceride-Rich Lipoproteins in Atherosclerosis Progression and Cardiovascular Disease. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2016;36(11):2133-2135. https://doi.org/10.1161/ATVBAHA.116.308305</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit15"><label>15</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang K, Zhang X, He S, et al. Remnant cholesterol and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a review. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2022;32(12):3031-3043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2022.09.025</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Wang K, Zhang X, He S, et al. Remnant cholesterol and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: a review. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2022;32(12):3031-3043. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.numecd.2022.09.025</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit16"><label>16</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Inker LA, Eneanya ND, Coresh J, et al. New Creatinine- and Cystatin C-Based Equations to Estimate GFR without Race. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1737-1749. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2102953</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Inker LA, Eneanya ND, Coresh J, et al. New Creatinine- and Cystatin C-Based Equations to Estimate GFR without Race. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:1737-1749. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2102953</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit17"><label>17</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28(7):412-419. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00280883</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Matthews DR, Hosker JP, Rudenski AS, et al. Homeostasis model assessment: insulin resistance and β-cell function from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations in man. Diabetologia. 1985;28(7):412-419. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00280883</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit18"><label>18</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Katz A, Nambi SS, Mather K, et al. Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI): a simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(7):2402-2410. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.7.6661</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Katz A, Nambi SS, Mather K, et al. Quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI): a simple, accurate method for assessing insulin sensitivity in humans. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85(7):2402-2410. https://doi.org/10.1210/jcem.85.7.6661</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit19"><label>19</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Simental-Mendía LE, Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. The product of fasting glucose and triglycerides as a surrogate for identifying insulin resistance in apparently healthy subjects. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2008;6(4):299-304. https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2008.0034</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Simental-Mendía LE, Rodríguez-Morán M, Guerrero-Romero F. The product of fasting glucose and triglycerides as a surrogate for identifying insulin resistance in apparently healthy subjects. Metab Syndr Relat Disord. 2008;6(4):299-304. https://doi.org/10.1089/met.2008.0034</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit20"><label>20</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. Prevalence of Risk Factors for Noncommunicable Diseases in the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2019. Web Annex 1: Fact Sheet. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2022. WHO/EURO:2022-6796-46562-67570. Режим доступа:https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2022-6796-46562-67570 (дата обращения 15.09.2025)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. Prevalence of Risk Factors for Noncommunicable Diseases in the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2019. Web Annex 1: Fact Sheet. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2022. WHO/EURO:2022-6796-46562-67570. Available from: https://www.who.int/europe/publications/i/item/WHO-EURO-2022-6796-46562-67570</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit21"><label>21</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">American Society of Echocardiography. Carotid Arterial Plaque by Ultrasound: Guidelines and Definitions. ASE; 2025. Режим доступа:https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Carotid-Arterial-Plaque-by-Ultrasound.pdf (дата обращения 15.09.2025)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">American Society of Echocardiography. Carotid Arterial Plaque by Ultrasound: Guidelines and Definitions. ASE; 2025. Available from: https://www.asecho.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Carotid-Arterial-Plaque-by-Ultrasound.pdf</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit22"><label>22</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight – fact sheet. 9 June 2024. Режим доступа:https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight (дата обращения 15.09.2025)</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight – fact sheet. 9 June 2024. URL: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/obesity-and-overweight</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit23"><label>23</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Sanyal AJ, Husain M, Diab C. et al. Cardiovascular disease in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis compared with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and other liver diseases: A systematic review. Am Heart J Plus. 2024 Mar 24;41:100386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahjo.2024.100386</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Sanyal AJ, Husain M, Diab C. et al. Cardiovascular disease in patients with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis compared with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and other liver diseases: A systematic review. Am Heart J Plus. 2024 Mar 24;41:100386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ahjo.2024.100386</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit24"><label>24</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Turner J, Parsi M, Badireddy M. Anemia. [Updated 2023 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Режим доступа:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499994/</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Turner J, Parsi M, Badireddy M. Anemia. [Updated 2023 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499994/</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit25"><label>25</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Glomerular Diseases Work Group. KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Glomerular Diseases. Kidney Int. 2021 Oct;100(4S):S1-S276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2021.05.021</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Glomerular Diseases Work Group. KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Glomerular Diseases. Kidney Int. 2021 Oct;100(4S):S1-S276. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kint.2021.05.021</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit26"><label>26</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Bhatt DL, Miller M, Brinton EA. et al. REDUCE-IT Investigators. REDUCE-IT USA: Results From the 3146 Patients Randomized in the United States. Circulation. 2020 Feb 4;141(5):367-375. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044440</mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Bhatt DL, Miller M, Brinton EA. et al. REDUCE-IT Investigators. REDUCE-IT USA: Results From the 3146 Patients Randomized in the United States. Circulation. 2020 Feb 4;141(5):367-375. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.044440</mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref><ref id="cit27"><label>27</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru"></mixed-citation><mixed-citation xml:lang="en"></mixed-citation></citation-alternatives></ref></ref-list><fn-group><fn fn-type="conflict"><p>The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.</p></fn></fn-group></back></article>
