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<article article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">kpccz</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Комплексные проблемы сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2306-1278</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9537</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">kpccz-1894</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОНЛАЙН. АНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ ОБЗОР. Сердечно-сосудистая хирургия. Анестезиология и реаниматология</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>КОНЦЕПЦИЯ ПЕРИОПЕРАЦИОННОГО КАРДИАЛЬНОГО РИСКА: ОБЗОР ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>THE CONCEPT OF PERIOPERATIVE CARDIAC RISK: LITERATURE REVIEW</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8776-3611</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вейлер</surname><given-names>Роман Владимирович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Veyler</surname><given-names>Roman V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук ассистент кафедры анестезиологии, реаниматологии и трансфузиологии федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Кубанский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, Краснодар, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Assistant of the Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Transfusiology, Kuban State Medical University, Krasnodar, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">dr.veyler@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0061-0496</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трембач</surname><given-names>Никита Владимирович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Trembach</surname><given-names>Nikita V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук доцент кафедры анестезиологии, реаниматологии и трансфузиологии федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Кубанский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, Краснодар, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD, Associate Professor of the Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Transfusiology, Kuban State Medical University, Krasnodar, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">trembachnv@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9753-7351</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Григорьев</surname><given-names>Сергей Валентинович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Grigoryev</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук доцент кафедры анестезиологии, реаниматологии и трансфузиологии федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Кубанский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, Краснодар, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, Associate Professor of the Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Transfusiology, Kuban State Medical University, Krasnodar, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">sv_grigoriev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3623-2546</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Заболотских</surname><given-names>Игорь Борисович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zabolotskikh</surname><given-names>Igor B.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор заведующий кафедрой анестезиологии, реаниматологии и трансфузиологии федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Кубанский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, Краснодар, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD, Professor, Head of the Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Care and Transfusiology, Kuban State Medical University, Krasnodar, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">pobeda_zib@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Кубанский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Kuban State Medical University<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>223</fpage><lpage>245</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Вейлер Р.В., Трембач Н.В., Григорьев С.В., Заболотских И.Б., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Вейлер Р.В., Трембач Н.В., Григорьев С.В., Заболотских И.Б.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Veyler R.V., Trembach N.V., Grigoryev S.V., Zabolotskikh I.B.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nii-kpssz.com/jour/article/view/1894">https://www.nii-kpssz.com/jour/article/view/1894</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Основные положения</title><p>Основные положения</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec><sec><title>Резюме</title><p>Резюме</p><p>Данный обзор посвящен современным подходам к оценке и управлению периоперационным кардиальным риском у пациентов, переносящих некардиальные хирургические вмешательства. Актуальность темы обусловлена высокой частотой серьезных неблагоприятных сердечно-сосудистых событий (MACE), являющихся ведущей причиной периоперационной летальности. В работе проанализирована эволюция парадигмы от вопроса «можно ли оперировать?» к стратегии «как улучшить исход?», что включает предоперационную оптимизацию, активный мониторинг и мультидисциплинарный подход.</p><p>На основе поиска литературы рассмотрены эпидемиология и ключевые факторы риска, детализированы классификации и определения осложнений (MACE, повреждение миокарда после некардиальных операций (MINS), интраоперационные критические инциденты). Особое внимание уделено роли биомаркеров (NT-proBNP/BNP для прогнозирования, высокочувствительный тропонин для диагностики MINS) и гемодинамического контроля в стратификации риска и раннем выявлении повреждения миокарда.</p><p>Проведен сравнительный анализ прогностических инструментов: от традиционных клинических шкал (индекс Lee, NSQIP) до современных моделей машинного обучения, демонстрирующих высокую точность. Отмечены проблемы валидации, клинической интерпретируемости и интеграции этих инструментов в рутинную практику. Обобщены современные рекомендации по минимизации риска, основанные на поэтапной персонализированной оценке, оптимизации состояния пациента и активном послеоперационном наблюдении.</p><p>Делается вывод о необходимости разработки интегративных, прозрачных и клинически применимых алгоритмов, сочетающих данные шкал, биомаркеров и динамического мониторинга для перехода от реактивного к превентивному управлению периоперационным кардиальным риском. </p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Highlights</title><p>Highlights</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec><sec><title>Abstract</title><p>Abstract</p><p>This review focuses on contemporary approaches to the assessment and management of perioperative cardiac risk in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. The topic's relevance stems from the high frequency of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), a leading cause of perioperative mortality. The work analyzes the paradigm shift from the question “is surgery feasible?” to the strategy “how to improve outcomes?” which includes pre-operative optimization (prehabilitation), active monitoring, and a multidisciplinary approach.</p><p>Based on a literature search, the epidemiology and key risk factors are reviewed, with detailed classifications and definitions of complications (MACE, myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (MINS), intraoperative critical incidents). Particular attention is paid to the role of biomarkers (NT-proBNP/BNP for prediction, high-sensitivity troponin for diagnosing MINS) and hemodynamic control in risk stratification and early detection of myocardial injury.</p><p>A comparative analysis of prognostic tools is conducted: from traditional clinical scales (Lee index, NSQIP) to modern machine learning models demonstrating high accuracy. Problems with validation, clinical interpretability, and the integration of these tools into routine practice are noted. Contemporary recommendations for risk minimization, based on staged personalized assessment, patient optimization, and active postoperative monitoring, are summarized.</p><p>The conclusion emphasizes the need to develop integrative, transparent, and clinically applicable algorithms that combine data from scales, biomarkers, and dynamic monitoring to transition from reactive to preventive management of perioperative cardiac risk.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Серьезные неблагоприятные сердечно-сосудистые события</kwd><kwd>Периоперационный кардиальный риск</kwd><kwd>Повреждение миокарда после некардиальных операций</kwd><kwd>Биомаркеры</kwd><kwd>Оценка риска</kwd><kwd>Факторы риска</kwd><kwd>Критический инцидент</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Major Adverse Cardiac Events</kwd><kwd>Perioperative cardiac risk</kwd><kwd>Myocardial Injury after Noncardiac Surgery</kwd><kwd>Biomarkers</kwd><kwd>Risk assessment</kwd><kwd>Risk factors</kwd><kwd>Critical incident</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Авторы заявляют об отсутствии финансирования исследования.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Smilowitz NR, Gupta N, Ramakrishna H, et al. 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