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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">kpccz</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Комплексные проблемы сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2306-1278</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9537</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">kpccz-1912</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Патологическая физиология</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>ORIGINAL STUDIES. Pathological physiology</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ОЦЕНКА ОКРАШИВАНИЯ КОНСТИТУТИВНЫХ БЕЛКОВ И ОБЩЕГО БЕЛКА КАК ДВУХ ПОДХОДОВ К НОРМАЛИЗАЦИИ СИГНАЛА ПРИ ИММУНОБЛОТТИНГЕ БЕЛКОВ ЭНДОТЕЛИАЛЬНЫХ КЛЕТОК И КРОВЕНОСНЫХ СОСУДОВ</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>COMPARISON OF HOUSEKEEPING PROTEIN AND TOTAL PROTEIN NORMALIZATION IN WESTERN BLOTTING ANALYSIS OF ENDOTHELIAL CELL LYSATE AND VASCULAR HOMOGENATE</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1867-6354</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лазебная</surname><given-names>Анастасия Ивановна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Lazebnaya</surname><given-names>Anastasia I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной, трансляционной и цифровой медицины отдела экспериментальной медицины федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний», Кемерово, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory for Molecular, Translational, and Digital Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases”, Kemerovo, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">lazeai@kemcardio.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6652-5745</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маркова</surname><given-names>Виктория Евгеньевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Markova</surname><given-names>Victoria E.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>младший научный сотрудник лаборатории молекулярной, трансляционной и цифровой медицины отдела экспериментальной медицины федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний», Кемерово, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Junior Researcher, Laboratory for Molecular, Translational, and Digital Medicine, Department of Experimental Medicine, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases”, Kemerovo, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">marvika97@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8679-4857</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кутихин</surname><given-names>Антон Геннадьевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kutikhin</surname><given-names>Anton G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук заведующий отделом экспериментальной медицины федерального государственного бюджетного научного учреждения «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний», Кемерово, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD, Head of the Department of Experimental Medicine, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases”, Kemerovo, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">antonkutikhin@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases”<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>77</fpage><lpage>92</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Лазебная А.И., Маркова В.Е., Кутихин А.Г., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лазебная А.И., Маркова В.Е., Кутихин А.Г.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lazebnaya A.I., Markova V.E., Kutikhin A.G.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nii-kpssz.com/jour/article/view/1912">https://www.nii-kpssz.com/jour/article/view/1912</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Основные положения</title><p>Основные положения</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Провести сравнение объективности окрашивания конститутивных белков и общего белка как двух методик для нормализации сигнала при иммуноблоттинге белков эндотелиальных клеток (ЭК) и кровеносных сосудов.</p></sec><sec><title>Материал и методы</title><p>Материал и методы. В бис-трис-гель для электрофореза вносили серийные разведения лизата культур ЭК или гомогената кровеносных сосудов (1, 2, 4, 8, 16 и 32 мкг белка). Окрашивание конститутивных белков ЭК (CD31/PECAM1, β-актина, β-тубулина, GAPDH, TBP, PCNA, гистона H3 и COX4) детектировали с использованием вторичных антител, конъюгированных с флюорофорами 680RD и 800CW (флюоресцентная детекция) либо с пероксидазой хрена (хемилюминесцентная детекция). Визуализацию общего белка проводили при помощи красителей Acid Black 1, Fast Green FCF, Понсо S, Конго красного, нигрозина, красителя Revert 700 и 2,2,2-трихлорэтанола.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. При окрашивании общего белка из лизата культур ЭК или гомогената кровеносных сосудов на мембранах из поливинилиденфторида и нитроцеллюлозы наиболее высокую чувствительность продемонстрировали краситель Acid Black 1 и Fast Green FCF (позволявшие детектировать ≥ 1 мкг белка), которые были выбраны для последующего сравнения. При анализе экспрессии конститутивных белков ЭК и кровеносных сосудов наиболее высокая чувствительность была выявлена при окрашивании антителами к β-актину (≥ 1–2 мкг белка), TBP (≥ 2–4 мкг белка) и PCNA (≥ 4 мкг белка). Чувствительность окрашивания общего белка превысила чувствительность окрашивания антителами к β-актину и TBP (за счет более высокой интенсивности полос). Сплошной анализ результатов окрашивания общего белка выявил максимальный и медианный коэффициент вариации при анализе лизата культур ЭК в ≈ 20% и ≈ 12% соответственно, при анализе гомогената кровеносных сосудов – в ≈ 40% и ≈ 17%.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Наиболее чувствительным красителем для окрашивания общего белка в лизате культур ЭК и гомогенате кровеносных сосудов является Acid Black 1, цитоплазматическим конститутивным белком – β-актин, ядерным конститутивным белком – TBP. При нормализации специфичного сигнала от антител целесообразно применять окрашивание на общий белок при коэффициенте вариации ≤ 20% (для лизата культур ЭК) или ≤ 25% (для гомогената кровеносных сосудов).</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Highlights</title><p>Highlights</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To compare the sensitivity of housekeeping proteins and total protein staining for the signal normalisation during Western blotting of endothelial cell (EC) lysate and vascular homogenate.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. Serial dilutions of EC lysate or vascular homogenate (1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 µg protein) were loaded into bis-tris polyacrylamide gel and stained for EC housekeeping proteins: platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (CD31/PECAM1), β-actin, β-tubulin, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), TATA-binding protein (TBP), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), histone H3, and cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 (COX4). Housekeeping protein expression was detected using secondary antibodies conjugated with 680RD and 800CW fluorophores or horseradish peroxidase. Total protein staining was performed using Acid Black 1, Fast Green FCF, Ponceau S, Congo Red, nigrosine, Revert 700, and 2,2,2-trichloroethanol.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. Acid Black 1 and Fast Green FCF were the most sensitive (≥ 1 µg protein) dyes for total protein staining in EC lysate or vascular homogenate on polyvinylidene fluoride or nitrocellulose membranes. Among the housekeeping proteins of EC lysate and vascular homogenate, the highest sensitivity was detected for β-actin (≥ 1–2 µg protein), TBP (≥ 2–4 µg protein), and PCNA (≥ 4 µg protein). Total protein staining was more sensitive than β-actin or TBP staining. Total protein staining of EC protein lysate showed maximum and median coefficient of variation of ≈ 20% and ≈ 12% for the EC lysate and ≈ 40% and ≈ 17% for vascular homogenate.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The most sensitive dye for total protein staining in EC lysate and vascular homogenate is Acid Black 1, the most sensitive cytoplasmic housekeeping protein is β-actin, and the most sensitive nuclear housekeeping protein is TATA-binding protein (TBP). For the respective normalization, total protein staining can be employed if coefficient of variation is ≤ 20% (for EC lysate) or ≤ 25% (for vascular homogenate).</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Иммуноблоттинг</kwd><kwd>Эндотелиальные клетки</kwd><kwd>Кровеносные сосуды</kwd><kwd>Нормализация</kwd><kwd>Конститутивные белки</kwd><kwd>Β-актин</kwd><kwd>TATA-связывающий белок</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Western blotting</kwd><kwd>Endothelial cells</kwd><kwd>Blood vessels</kwd><kwd>Normalization</kwd><kwd>Housekeeping proteins</kwd><kwd>Beta-actin</kwd><kwd>TATA-binding protein</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Работа выполнена при поддержке комплексной программы фундаментальных научных исследований СО РАН в рамках фундаментальной темы НИИ КПССЗ № 0419-2024-0001 «Разработка новых фармакологических подходов к экспериментальной терапии атеросклероза, технологий серийного производства реактивов и расходных материалов для изучения физиологии и патофизиологии сердечно-сосудистой системы и программного обеспечения на основе искусственного интеллекта для автоматизированной диагностики патологий системы кровообращения и автоматизированного расчета сердечно-сосудистого риска» при финансовой поддержке Министерства науки и высшего образования Российской Федерации в рамках национального проекта «Наука и университеты», https://gisnauka.ru/nioktr/detail/5O90V6DKTDEZ3L37R544GP18.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Wang Q, Han W, Ma C, Wang T, Zhong J. 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