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<article article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.3" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">kpccz</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Комплексные проблемы сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn pub-type="ppub">2306-1278</issn><issn pub-type="epub">2587-9537</issn><publisher><publisher-name>Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases”</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id custom-type="elpub" pub-id-type="custom">kpccz-1922</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="section-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>ОРИГИНАЛЬНЫЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ. Сердечно-сосудистая хирургия. Трансплантология и искусственные органы</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title>КРОЛИК КАК МОДЕЛЬ ДЛЯ ТЕСТИРОВАНИЯ МАТЕРИАЛОВ, ИМПЛАНТИРУЕМЫХ В АРТЕРИАЛЬНОЕ РУСЛО</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>THE RABBIT AS A MODEL FOR TESTING MATERIALS IMPLANTED INTO THE ARTERIAL BED</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2435-9868</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Смирнов</surname><given-names>Ярослав Максимович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Smirnov</surname><given-names>Yaroslav M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>стажер исследователь федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени академика Е.Н. Мешалкина» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, Новосибирск, Российская Федерация; студент лечебного факультета Института медицины и медицинских технологий федерального государственного автономного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет», Новосибирск, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Research Intern in the Federal State Budgetary Institution “Meshalkin National Medical Research Center” of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation; Student of the Medical Faculty of the Institute of Medicine and Medical Technologies, Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “Novosibirsk National Research State University”, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">y.smirnov@g.nsu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7976-596X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жульков</surname><given-names>Максим Олегович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhulkov</surname><given-names>Maxim O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат медицинских наук научный сотрудник научно-исследовательского отдела хирургии аорты, коронарных и периферических артерий института патологии кровообращения, врач – сердечно-сосудистый хирург отделения хирургии аорты и коронарных артерий федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени академика Е.Н. Мешалкина» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, Новосибирск, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD, Researcher at the Research Department of Surgery of the Aorta, Coronary and Peripheral Arteries, Cardiovascular Surgeon of the Department of Surgery of the Aorta and Coronary Arteries, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Meshalkin National Medical Research Center” of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">medicus-maligna@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0000-2435-9868</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мишенин</surname><given-names>Владислав Анатольевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Mishenin</surname><given-names>Vladislav A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ординатор по специальности «сердечно-сосудистая хирургия» федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени академика Е.Н. Мешалкина» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, Новосибирск, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Clinical Resident in Cardiovascular Surgery, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Meshalkin National Medical Research Center” of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4641-632X</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Лиманский</surname><given-names>Алексей Дмитриевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Limanskiy</surname><given-names>Aleksei D.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ординатор по специальности «сердечно-сосудистая хирургия» федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени академика Е.Н. Мешалкина» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, Новосибирск, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Clinical Resident in Cardiovascular Surgery, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Meshalkin National Medical Research Center” of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">a.limanskii@g.nsu.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-9389-6451</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зверев</surname><given-names>Иван Владимирович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Zverev</surname><given-names>Ivan V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ординатор по специальности «сердечно-сосудистая хирургия» федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени академика Е.Н. Мешалкина» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, Новосибирск, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Clinical Resident in Cardiovascular Surgery, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Meshalkin National Medical Research Center” of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9948-2757</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Турсунов</surname><given-names>Олимджон Одилджонович</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Tursunov</surname><given-names>Olimdzhon O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ординатор по специальности «сердечно-сосудистая хирургия» федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени академика Е.Н. Мешалкина» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, Новосибирск, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Clinical Resident in Cardiovascular Surgery, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Meshalkin National Medical Research Center” of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кшановская</surname><given-names>Марина Сергеевна</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Kshanovskaia</surname><given-names>Marina S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач ультразвуковой диагностики федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени академика Е.Н. Мешалкина» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, Новосибирск, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Ultrasound specialist, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Meshalkin National Medical Research Center” of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">m_kshanovskaja@meshalkin.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author" corresp="yes"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9940-3541</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сирота</surname><given-names>Дмитрий Андреевич</given-names></name><name name-style="western" xml:lang="en"><surname>Sirota</surname><given-names>Dmitry A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук заведующий научно-исследовательским отделом хирургии аорты, коронарных и периферических артерий института патологии, врач – сердечно-сосудистый хирург отделения хирургии аорты и коронарных артерий федерального государственного бюджетного учреждения «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени академика Е.Н. Мешалкина» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, Новосибирск, Российская Федерация; ассистент кафедры сердечно-сосудистой хирургии факультета дополнительного и постдипломного образования федерального государственного бюджетного образовательного учреждения высшего образования «Новосибирский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации, Новосибирск, Российская Федерация</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>PhD, MD, Head of the Center for Surgery of the Aorta, Coronary and Peripheral Arteries, Institute of Circulation Pathology, Federal State Budgetary Institution “Meshalkin National Medical Research Center” of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation; Associate Professor, Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Faculty Of Advanced Training And Professional Retraining, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Novosibirsk State Medical University” Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russian Federation</p></bio><email xlink:type="simple">d_sirota@meshalkin.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff-1"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени академика Е.Н. Мешалкина» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; &#13;
Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Новосибирский национальный исследовательский государственный университет»<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Institution “Meshalkin National Medical Research Center” of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation; &#13;
Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education “Novosibirsk National Research State University”<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-2"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени академика Е.Н. Мешалкина» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Institution “Meshalkin National Medical Research Center” of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff-3"><aff xml:lang="ru">Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр имени академика Е.Н. Мешалкина» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации; &#13;
Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Новосибирский государственный медицинский университет» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации<country>Россия</country></aff><aff xml:lang="en">Federal State Budgetary Institution “Meshalkin National Medical Research Center” of the Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation; &#13;
Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “Novosibirsk State Medical University” Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation Russian Federation<country>Russian Federation</country></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date pub-type="collection"><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date pub-type="epub"><day>29</day><month>06</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>15</volume><issue>3</issue><fpage>52</fpage><lpage>63</lpage><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright &amp;#x00A9; Смирнов Я.М., Жульков М.О., Мишенин В.А., Лиманский А.Д., Зверев И.В., Турсунов О.О., Кшановская М.С., Сирота Д.А., 2026</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Смирнов Я.М., Жульков М.О., Мишенин В.А., Лиманский А.Д., Зверев И.В., Турсунов О.О., Кшановская М.С., Сирота Д.А.</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Smirnov Y.M., Zhulkov M.O., Mishenin V.A., Limanskiy A.D., Zverev I.V., Tursunov O.O., Kshanovskaia M.S., Sirota D.A.</copyright-holder><license license-type="creative-commons-attribution" xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" xlink:type="simple"><license-p>This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://www.nii-kpssz.com/jour/article/view/1922">https://www.nii-kpssz.com/jour/article/view/1922</self-uri><abstract><sec><title>Основные положения</title><p>Основные положения</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec><sec><title>Актуальность</title><p>Актуальность. Доклинические испытания in vivo являются обязательным этапом разработки медицинских изделий высокого класса риска, предназначенных для имплантации в организм человека. Выбор адекватной экспериментальной модели имеет критическое значение для получения достоверных и воспроизводимых результатов. Несмотря на широкое распространение модели кролика в исследованиях сосудистых имплантатов, не все риски, сопровождающие данное исследование и обусловленные особенностями выбранной животной модели, описаны и корректируются на всем протяжении эксперимента – от анестезиологического пособия до послеоперационного ведения.</p></sec><sec><title>Цель</title><p>Цель. Выявить дополнительные риски при проведении доклинических испытаний материалов, имплантируемых в артериальное русло на модели кролика и модифицировать методику испытаний посредством включения методов коррекции выявленных рисков.</p></sec><sec><title>Материалы и методы</title><p>Материалы и методы. Исследование выполнено на кроликах (n = 11) породы «советская шиншилла» (масса тела 4,45 [4,3;4,8] кг). Объектом исследования служил полутрубчатый нитиноловый образец. Протокол включал премедикацию, индукцию, поддержание анестезии на фоне ИВЛ с применением ретроградной интубации. Доступ к грудной аорте осуществляли левосторонней торакотомией. После системной гепаринизации выполняли ишемическое прекондиционирование по ступенчатому протоколу. Имплантацию образца проводили через продольную аортотомию. Послеоперационное ведение включало кислородотерапию в течение 24 ч, пятидневный курс антибиотикотерапии, анальгетиков и антикоагулянтов. На 90-е сутки выполняли ультразвуковое исследование зоны имплантации с оценкой проходимости, скоростных показателей кровотока и наличия тромботических масс с последующим выведением животных из эксперимента и забором материала для гистологического анализа.</p></sec><sec><title>Результаты</title><p>Результаты. В ходе эксперимента (n = 11) зафиксированы следующие осложнения: трудность выполнения интубации, параплегия, ранняя послеоперационная дыхательная недостаточность. Внесенные модификации: оптимизация укладки животного для интубации, внедрение ступенчатого ишемического прекондиционирования, сокращение времени окклюзии, выполнение межреберной блокады, применение кислородотерапии в первые сутки послеоперационного периода. Результаты модификаций: полное устранение интубационных и ишемических осложнений, отсутствие ранней послеоперационной смертности. У выживших животных (n = 5) через 90 суток – полная проходимость в зоне имплантации (пиковая систолическая скорость 1,4 м/с, отношение пиковых скоростей = 1), отсутствие тромбоза, стеноза и инфекций.</p></sec><sec><title>Заключение</title><p>Заключение. Внедрённые модификации (оптимизированная ретроградная интубация, ступенчатое ишемическое прекондиционирование, кислородотерапия в первые 24 часа) доказали эффективность при хронических испытаниях артериальных имплантатов на кроликах, значимо снизив частоту осложнений. Выявленные критические точки определяют направления дальнейшей оптимизации протокола.</p></sec></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><sec><title>Highlights</title><p>Highlights</p></sec><sec><title> </title><p> </p></sec><sec><title>Background</title><p>Background. Preclinical in vivo testing is a mandatory stage in the development of high-risk medical devices intended for implantation into the human body. The selection of an appropriate experimental model is critical for obtaining reliable and reproducible results. Despite the widespread use of the rabbit model in vascular implant research, not all risks accompanying this study and arising from the characteristics of the chosen animal model have been described and corrected throughout the experiment – from anesthetic management to postoperative care.</p></sec><sec><title>Aim</title><p>Aim. To identify additional risks associated with preclinical testing of materials implanted into the arterial bed in a rabbit model and to modify the testing methodology by incorporating methods for correcting the identified risks.</p></sec><sec><title>Methods</title><p>Methods. The study was performed on rabbits (n = 11) of the Soviet Chinchilla breed (body weight 4.45 [4.3;4.8] kg). The test object was a semi‑tubular nitinol specimen. The protocol included premedication, induction and maintenance of anaesthesia with mechanical ventilation using retrograde intubation. Access to the thoracic aorta was achieved by left‑sided thoracotomy. After systemic heparinisation, a stepwise ischaemic preconditioning protocol was applied. The specimen was implanted through a longitudinal aortotomy. Postoperative management included oxygen therapy for 24 h, a five‑day course of antibiotics, analgesics and anticoagulants. On day 90, ultrasound examination of the implantation zone was performed to assess patency, flow velocity parameters and the presence of thrombotic masses, followed by euthanasia of the animals and tissue sampling for histological analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>Results</title><p>Results. During the experiment (n = 11), the following complications were recorded: difficulty in performing intubation, paraplegia, and early postoperative respiratory failure. The modifications introduced included: optimization of animal positioning for intubation, implementation of stepwise ischemic preconditioning, reduction of occlusion time, performance of intercostal blockade, and administration of oxygen therapy during the first 24 hours after surgery. The modifications resulted in complete elimination of intubation-related and ischemic complications, and no early postoperative mortality occurred. In the surviving animals (n = 5) at 90 days, complete patency of the implantation zone was observed (peak systolic velocity 1.4 m/s, peak velocity ratio = 1), with no thrombosis, stenosis, or infection.</p></sec><sec><title>Conclusion</title><p>Conclusion. The implemented modifications (optimized retrograde intubation, stepwise ischemic preconditioning, and oxygen therapy within the first 24 hours) proved effective in chronic testing of arterial implants in rabbits, significantly reducing the complication rate. The identified critical points determine the directions for further protocol optimization.</p></sec></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Доклинические испытания</kwd><kwd>Кролик</kwd><kwd>Экспериментальная модель</kwd><kwd>Нитинол</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Preclinical testing</kwd><kwd>Rabbit</kwd><kwd>Experimental model</kwd><kwd>Nitinol</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group xml:lang="ru"><funding-statement>Исследование выполнено в рамках проекта № 25-15-20002 (соглашение № 25-15-20002 от 21.05.2025 с Российским научным фондом и соглашение № 30-2025-000854 от 21.04.2025 с Министерством науки и инновационной политики Новосибирской области).</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><back><ref-list><title>References</title><ref id="cit1"><label>1</label><citation-alternatives><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Pound P., Ritskes-Hoitinga M. Is it possible to overcome issues of external validity in preclinical animal research? 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