kpcczКомплексные проблемы сердечно-сосудистых заболеванийComplex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases2306-12782587-9537Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases”10.17802/2306-1278-2018-7-3-117-128kpccz-458Research ArticleАНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ ОБЗОРANALYTICAL REVIEWПОДХОДЫ К ВЕДЕНИЮ БОЛЬНЫХ С ВЫСОКИМ РИСКОМ ВНЕЗАПНОЙ СМЕРТИ С НАДЖЕЛУДОЧКОВЫМИ ТАХИАРИТМИЯМИ: ОБЗОР РЕКОМЕНДАЦИЙMANAGEMENT APPROACHES FOR PATIENTS WITH SUPRAVENTRICULAR TACHYCARDIAS AND HIGH RISK OF SUDDEN CARDIAC DEATH: A REVIEW OF CURRENT GUIDELINESМамчурС. Е.MamchurS. E.

Мамчур Сергей Евгеньевич,  доктор медицинских наук, заведующий отделом диагностики сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, заведующий лабораторией нарушения ритма сердца и электрокардиостимуляции.

 

Mamchur Sergei E., PhD, Head of the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases Diagnostics, Head of the Laboratory of Cardiac Arrhythmia and Pacing.

 

mamchse@kemcardio.ruХоменкоЕ. А.KhomenkoE. A.

Хоменко Егор Александрович, кандидат медицинских наук, научный сотрудник лаборатории нарушения ритма сердца и электрокардиостимуляции, врач-сердечно-сосудистый хирург кабинета рентгенохирургических методов диагностики и лечения Государственного бюджетного учреждения здравоохранения Кемеровской области «Кемеровский областной клинический кардиологический диспансер имени академика Л.С. Барбараша».

 

Khomenko Yegor A., PhD, researcher at the Laboratory of Cardiac Arrhythmia and Pacing, interventional cardiologist at the State Budgetary Healthcare Institution of the Kemerovo Region “Kemerovo Regional Clinical Cardiology Dispensary n.a. Academician L.S. Barbarash”.

6, Sosnoviy Blvd., Kemerovo, 650002. 

ЧичковаТ. Ю.ChichkovaT. Y.

Чичкова Татьяна Юрьевна, научный сотрудник лаборатории нарушения ритма сердца и электрокардиостимуляции.

 

Chichkova Tatyana Yu., researcher at the Laboratory of Cardiac Arrhythmia and Pacing.

6, Sosnoviy Blvd., Kemerovo, 650002. 

РомановаМ. П.RomanovaM. P.

Романова Мария Петровна, младший научный сотрудник лаборатории нарушения ритма сердца и электрокардиостимуляции,  врач-кардиолог отделения неотложной кардиологии №2 Государственного бюджетного учреждения здравоохранения Кемеровской области «Кемеровский областной клинический кардиологический диспансер имени академика Л.С. Барбараша».

Сосновый бульвар, 6, Кемерово, 650002.

Romanova Maria P., research assistant at the Laboratory of Cardiac Arrhythmia and Pacing, cardiologist at the Emergency Cardiac Department №2, State Budgetary Healthcare Institution of the Kemerovo Region “Kemerovo Regional Clinical Cardiology Dispensary n.a. Academician L.S. Barbarash”.

6, Sosnoviy Blvd., Kemerovo, 650002. 

Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Научно-исследовательский институт комплексных проблем сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний».РоссияFederal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases”.Russian Federation20182109201873117128Copyright © Мамчур С.Е., Хоменко Е.А., Чичкова Т.Ю., Романова М.П., 20182018Мамчур С.Е., Хоменко Е.А., Чичкова Т.Ю., Романова М.П.Mamchur S.E., Khomenko E.A., Chichkova T.Y., Romanova M.P.Данная работа распространяется под лицензией Creative Commons Attribution 4.0.This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.https://www.nii-kpssz.com/jour/article/view/458

Группа пациентов с наличием суправентрикулярных тахикардий (СВТ) и высоким риском внезапной смерти объединяет больных с синдромом Вольфа-Паркинсона-Уайта (WPW), новорожденных с СВТ и пациентов с СВТ и выраженной структурной патологией сердца. Обзорная статья включает основные положения всех действующих в настоящий момент рекомендательных документов и экспертных консенсусов, касающихся подходов к профилактике внезапной сердечной смерти при различных видах СВТ у взрослых и детей. В обзоре описываются современные данные о риске внезапной сердечной смерти у пациентов, страдающих наджелудочковыми тахикардиями, возможные варианты патогенеза внезапной сердечной смерти у данной категории пациентов, действующей в настоящее время рекомендации по катетерной аблации суправентрикулярных тахикардий для профилактики внезапной сердечной смерти у взрослых и детей.

Patients with Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW), neonates, and patients with major structural cardiac pathology who suffer from supraventricular tachycardia are at higher risk of sudden cardiac death. The review article accumulates evidence-based knowledge provided in the recent guidelines and expert consensus on the prevention of sudden cardiac death in adults and children with different SVT types. The review provides current data on the risk of sudden cardiac death in patients with supraventricular tachycardia, possible pathogenetic patterns of sudden cardiac death in this patient population, current guidelines on catheter ablation for supraventricular tachycardia to prevent sudden cardiac death in adults and children.

Наджелудочковая тахикардияСуправентрикулярная тахикардияВнезапная сердечная смертьКатетерная аблацияSupraventricular tachycardiaSudden cardiac deathCatheter ablationReferencesKantoch M.J. Supraventricular tachycardia in children. Indian J Pediatr. 2005; 72(7): 609-619.Kantoch M.J. Supraventricular tachycardia in children. Indian J Pediatr. 2005; 72(7): 609-619.Averill K.H., Lamb L.E. Electrocardiographic findings in 67,375 asymptomatic subjects. I. Incidence of abnormalities. Am J Cardiol. 1960; 6: 76-83.Averill K.H., Lamb L.E. Electrocardiographic findings in 67,375 asymptomatic subjects. I. Incidence of abnormalities. Am J Cardiol. 1960; 6: 76-83.Munger T.M., Packer D.L., Hammill S.C., Feldman B.J., Bailey K.R., Ballard D.J., Holmes D.R. Jr., Gersh B.J. A population study of the natural history of Wolff-ParkinsonWhite syndrome in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1953-1989. Circulation.1993; 87: 866-873. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.87.3.866.Munger T.M., Packer D.L., Hammill S.C., Feldman B.J., Bailey K.R., Ballard D.J., Holmes D.R. Jr., Gersh B.J. A population study of the natural history of Wolff-ParkinsonWhite syndrome in Olmsted County, Minnesota, 1953-1989. Circulation.1993; 87: 866-873. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.87.3.866.Priori S.G., Blomström-Lundqvist C., Mazzanti A., Blom N., Borggrefe M., Camm J., Elliott P.M., Fitzsimons D., Hatala R., Hindricks G., Kirchhof P., Kjeldsen K., Kuck K.H., Hernandez-Madrid A., Nikolaou N., Norekvål T.M., Spaulding C., Van Veldhuisen D.J. Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: The Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). Europace. 2015; 17(11): 16011687. doi: 10.1093/europace/euv319.Priori S.G., Blomström-Lundqvist C., Mazzanti A., Blom N., Borggrefe M., Camm J., Elliott P.M., Fitzsimons D., Hatala R., Hindricks G., Kirchhof P., Kjeldsen K., Kuck K.H., Hernandez-Madrid A., Nikolaou N., Norekvål T.M., Spaulding C., Van Veldhuisen D.J. Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: The Task Force for the Management of Patients with Ventricular Arrhythmias and the Prevention of Sudden Cardiac Death of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) Endorsed by: Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). Europace. 2015; 17(11): 16011687. doi: 10.1093/europace/euv319.Haissaguerre M., Fischer B., Labbe T., Lemeґtayer P., Monserrat P., d’Ivernois C., Dartigues J.F., Warin J.F. Frequency of recurrent atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation of overt accessory pathways. Am J Cardiol. 1992; 69: 493-497.Haissaguerre M., Fischer B., Labbe T., Lemeґtayer P., Monserrat P., d’Ivernois C., Dartigues J.F., Warin J.F. Frequency of recurrent atrial fibrillation after catheter ablation of overt accessory pathways. Am J Cardiol. 1992; 69: 493-497.Хоменко Е.А., Мамчур С.Е., Бохан Н.С., Романова М.П., Чичкова Т.Ю. Катетерная аблация при синдроме Вольфа-Паркинсона-Уайта на фоне фибрилляции предсердий. Комплексные проблемы сердечнососудистых заболеваний. 2017; 1: 15-19. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.17802/2306-1278-2017-1-15-19.Homenko E.A., Mamchur S.E., Bohan N.S., Romanova M.P., CHichkova T.YU. Kateternaya ab-laciya pri sindrome Vol'fa-Parkinsona-Uajta na fone fibrillyacii predserdij. Kompleksnye problemy serdechno-sosudistyh zabolevanij. 2017; 1: 15-19. (In Russian).Ammash N.M., Phillips S.D., Hodge D.O., Connolly H.M., Grogan M.A., Friedman P.A., Warnes C.A., Asirvatham S.J. Outcome of direct current cardioversion for atrial arrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol. 2012 Feb 9;154(3):270-274. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.09.028.Ammash N.M., Phillips S.D., Hodge D.O., Connolly H.M., Grogan M.A., Friedman P.A., Warnes C.A., Asirvatham S.J. Outcome of direct current cardioversion for atrial arrhythmias in adults with congenital heart disease. Int J Cardiol. 2012 Feb 9;154(3):270-274. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.09.028.Pappone C., Vicedomini G., Manguso F., Saviano M., Baldi M., Pappone A., Ciaccio C., Giannelli L., Ionescu B., Petretta A., Vitale R., Cuko A., Calovic Z., Fundaliotis A., Moscatiello M., Tavazzi L., Santinelli V. Wolff–Parkinson– White syndrome in the era of catheter ablation: insights from a registry study of 2169 patients. Circulation. 2014; 130: 811819. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011154.Pappone C., Vicedomini G., Manguso F., Saviano M., Baldi M., Pappone A., Ciaccio C., Giannelli L., Ionescu B., Petretta A., Vitale R., Cuko A., Calovic Z., Fundaliotis A., Moscatiello M., Tavazzi L., Santinelli V. Wolff–Parkinson– White syndrome in the era of catheter ablation: insights from a registry study of 2169 patients. Circulation. 2014; 130: 811819. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011154.Cohen M.I., Triedman J.K., Cannon B.C., Davis A.M., Drago F., Janousek J., Klein G.J., Law I.H., Morady F.J., Paul T., Perry J.C., Sanatani S., Tanel R.E. PACES/ HRS expert consensus statement on the management of the asymptomatic young patient with a Wolff–Parkinson–White (WPW, ventricular preexcitation) electrocardiographic pattern: developed in partnership between the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES) and the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS). Endorsed by the governing bodies of PACES, HRS, the American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF), the American Heart Association (AHA), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the Canadian Heart Rhythm Society (CHRS). Heart Rhythm. 2012; 9: 1006-1024.Cohen M.I., Triedman J.K., Cannon B.C., Davis A.M., Drago F., Janousek J., Klein G.J., Law I.H., Morady F.J., Paul T., Perry J.C., Sanatani S., Tanel R.E. PACES/ HRS expert consensus statement on the management of the asymptomatic young patient with a Wolff–Parkinson–White (WPW, ventricular preexcitation) electrocardiographic pattern: developed in partnership between the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES) and the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS). Endorsed by the governing bodies of PACES, HRS, the American College of Cardiology Foundation (ACCF), the American Heart Association (AHA), the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), and the Canadian Heart Rhythm Society (CHRS). Heart Rhythm. 2012; 9: 1006-1024.Page R.L., Joglar J.A., Caldwell M.A., Calkins H., Conti J.B., Deal B.J., Estes N.A. 3rd, Field M.E., Goldberger Z.D., Hammill S.C., Indik J.H., Lindsay B.D., Olshansky B., Russo A.M., Shen W.K., Tracy C.M., Al-Khatib S.M. 2015 ACC/ AHA/HRS Guideline for the Management of Adult Patients With Supraventricular Tachycardia: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016; 67(13): e27-e115. doi: 10.1016/j. jacc.2015.08.856.Page R.L., Joglar J.A., Caldwell M.A., Calkins H., Conti J.B., Deal B.J., Estes N.A. 3rd, Field M.E., Goldberger Z.D., Hammill S.C., Indik J.H., Lindsay B.D., Olshansky B., Russo A.M., Shen W.K., Tracy C.M., Al-Khatib S.M. 2015 ACC/ AHA/HRS Guideline for the Management of Adult Patients With Supraventricular Tachycardia: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016; 67(13): e27-e115. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.08.856.Belhassen B., Rogowski O., Glick A., Viskin S., Ilan M., Rosso R., Eldar M. Radiofrequency ablation of accessory pathways: a 14 year experience at the Tel Aviv Medical Center in 508 patients. Isr Med Assoc J. 2007; 9: 265-270.Belhassen B., Rogowski O., Glick A., Viskin S., Ilan M., Rosso R., Eldar M. Radiofrequency ablation of accessory pathways: a 14 year experience at the Tel Aviv Medical Center in 508 patients. Isr Med Assoc J. 2007; 9: 265-270.Klein G.J., Prystowsky E.N., Yee R., Sharma A.D., Laupacis A. Asymptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White. Should we intervene? Circulation. 1989; 80: 1902-1905.Klein G.J., Prystowsky E.N., Yee R., Sharma A.D.,Laupacis A. Asymptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White. Should we intervene? Circulation. 1989; 80: 1902-1905.Steinbeck G. Should radiofrequency current ablation be performed in asymptomatic patients with the Wolff-ParkinsonWhite syndrome? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1993; 16(3 Pt 2): 649-652.Steinbeck G. Should radiofrequency current ablation be performed in asymptomatic patients with the Wolff-ParkinsonWhite syndrome? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1993; 16(3 Pt 2): 649-652.Spar D.S., Silver E.S., Hordof A.J., Liberman L. Relation of the utility of exercise testing for risk assessment in pediatric patients with ventricular preexcitation to pathway location. Am J Cardiol. 2012; 109: 1011-1014. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.11.030.Spar D.S., Silver E.S., Hordof A.J., Liberman L. Relation of the utility of exercise testing for risk assessment in pediatric patients with ventricular preexcitation to pathway location. Am J Cardiol. 2012; 109: 1011-1014. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.11.030.Wackel P., Irving C., Webber S., Beerman L., Arora G. Risk stratification in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: the correlation between noninvasive and invasive testing in pediatric patients. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012; 35: 14511457. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2012.03518.x.Wackel P., Irving C., Webber S., Beerman L., Arora G. Risk stratification in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome: the correlation between noninvasive and invasive testing in pediatric patients. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012; 35: 14511457. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2012.03518.x.Brembilla-Perrot B., Holban I., Houriez P., Claudon O., Beurrier D., Vançon .C. Influence of age on the potential risk of sudden death in asymptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2001; 24: 1514-1518.Brembilla-Perrot B., Holban I., Houriez P., Claudon O., Beurrier D., Vançon .C. Influence of age on the potential risk of sudden death in asymptomatic Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2001; 24: 1514-1518.Al-Khatib S.M., Arshad A., Balk E.M., Das S.R., Hsu J.C., Joglar J.A., Page R.L. Risk stratification for arrhythmic events in patients with asymptomatic pre-excitation: a systematic review for the 2015 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the management of adult patients with supraventricular tachycardia: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Heart Rhythm. 2016; 13: e222–e237. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.09.017.Al-Khatib S.M., Arshad A., Balk E.M., Das S.R., Hsu J.C., Joglar J.A., Page R.L. Risk stratification for arrhythmic events in patients with asymptomatic pre-excitation: a systematic review for the 2015 ACC/AHA/HRS guideline for the management of adult patients with supraventricular tachycardia: a report of the American College of Cardiology/ American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Heart Rhythm. 2016; 13: e222–e237. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2015.09.017.Клинические рекомендации по проведению электрофизиологических исследований, катетерной аблации и применению имплантируемых антиаритмических устройств. М.: ВНОА; 2017. 704 с.Klinicheskie rekomendacii po provedeniyu ehlektrofiziologicheskih issledovanij, kateternoj ablacii i primeneniyu implantiruemyh antiaritmicheskih ustrojstv. M.: VNOA; 2017. 704 p. (In Russian).Ju W., Yang B., Li M., Zhang F., Chen H., Gu K., Yu J., Cao K., Chen M. Tachycardiomyopathy complicated by focal atrial tachycardia: incidence, risk factors, and long-term outcome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2014; 25(9): 953-957. doi: 10.1111/jce.12428.Ju W., Yang B., Li M., Zhang F., Chen H., Gu K., Yu J., Cao K., Chen M. Tachycardiomyopathy complicated by focal atrial tachycardia: incidence, risk factors, and long-term outcome. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2014; 25(9): 953-957. doi: 10.1111/jce.12428.Luber S., Brady W.J., Joyce T., Perron A.D. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: outcome after ED care. Am J Emerg Med. 2001; 19: 40-42.Luber S., Brady W.J., Joyce T., Perron A.D. Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia: outcome after ED care. Am J Emerg Med. 2001; 19: 40-42.Lim S.H., Anantharaman V., Teo W.S., Chan W.H. Slow infusion of calcium channel blockers compared with intravenous adenosine in the emergency treatment of supraventricular tachycardia. Resuscitation. 2009; 80: 523-528. doi: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2009.01.017.Lim S.H., Anantharaman V., Teo W.S., Chan W.H. Slow infusion of calcium channel blockers compared with intravenous adenosine in the emergency treatment of supraventricular tachycardia. Resuscitation. 2009; 80: 523-528. doi: 10.1016/j. resuscitation.2009.01.017.Roth A., Elkayam I., Shapira I., Sander J., Malov N., Kehati M., Golovner M. Effectiveness of prehospital synchronous direct-current cardioversion for supraventricular tachyarrhythmias causing unstable hemodynamic states. Am J Cardiol. 2003; 91: 489-491.Roth A., Elkayam I., Shapira I., Sander J., Malov N., Kehati M., Golovner M. Effectiveness of prehospital synchronous direct-current cardioversion for supraventricular tachyarrhythmias causing unstable hemodynamic states. Am J Cardiol. 2003; 91: 489-491.Stec S., Kryñski T., Kułakowski P. Efficacy of low energy rectilinear biphasic cardioversion for regular atrial tachyarrhythmias. Cardiol J. 2011; 18: 33-38.Stec S., Kryñski T., Kułakowski P. Efficacy of low energy rectilinear biphasic cardioversion for regular atrial tachyarrhythmias. Cardiol J. 2011; 18: 33-38.Neumar R.W., Otto C.W., Link M.S., Kronick S.L., Shuster M., Callaway C.W., Kudenchuk P.J., Ornato J.P., McNally B., Silvers S.M., Passman R.S., White R.D., Hess E.P., Tang W., Davis D., Sinz E., Morrison L.J. Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2010;122 (18 Suppl 3): S729767. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970988.Neumar R.W., Otto C.W., Link M.S., Kronick S.L., Shuster M., Callaway C.W., Kudenchuk P.J., Ornato J.P., McNally B., Silvers S.M., Passman R.S., White R.D., Hess E.P., Tang W., Davis D., Sinz E., Morrison L.J. Part 8: adult advanced cardiovascular life support: 2010 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care. Circulation. 2010;122 (18 Suppl 3): S729767. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.970988.Parker M.H., Sanoski C.A. Clinical Pearls in Using Antiarrhythmic Drugs in the Outpatient Setting. J Pharm Pract. 2016; 29(1): 77-86. doi: 10.1177/1933719115615878.Parker M.H., Sanoski C.A. Clinical Pearls in Using Antiarrhythmic Drugs in the Outpatient Setting. J Pharm Pract. 2016; 29(1): 77-86. doi: 10.1177/1933719115615878.Higgins A.Y., Waks J.W., Josephson M.E. Influence of Gender on the Tolerability, Safety, and Efficacy of Quinidine Used for Treatment of Supraventricular and Ventricular Arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol. 2015; 116(12): 1845-1851. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.09.042.Higgins A.Y., Waks J.W., Josephson M.E. Influence of Gender on the Tolerability, Safety, and Efficacy of Quinidine Used for Treatment of Supraventricular and Ventricular Arrhythmias. Am J Cardiol. 2015; 116(12): 1845-1851. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.09.042.Scheinman M.M., Huang S. The 1998 NASPE prospective catheter ablation registry. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2000; 23: 1020-1028.Scheinman M.M., Huang S. The 1998 NASPE prospective catheter ablation registry. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2000; 23: 1020-1028.Bohnen M., Stevenson W.G., Tedrow U.B., Michaud G.F., John R.M., Epstein L.M., Albert C.M., Koplan B.A. Incidence and predictors of major complications from contemporary catheter ablation to treat cardiac arrhythmias. Heart Rhythm. 2011; 8: 1661-1666. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.05.017.Bohnen M., Stevenson W.G., Tedrow U.B., Michaud G.F., John R.M., Epstein L.M., Albert C.M., Koplan B.A. Incidence and predictors of major complications from contemporary catheter ablation to treat cardiac arrhythmias. Heart Rhythm. 2011; 8: 1661-1666. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.05.017.Ferrero de Loma-Osorio Á., Díaz-Infante E., Macías Gallego A. Spanish Catheter Ablation Registry Collaborators. Spanish Catheter Ablation Registry. 12th Official Report of the Spanish Society of Cardiology Working Group on Electrophysiology and Arrhythmias (2012). Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2013; 66: 983-992. doi: 10.1016/j.rec.2013.08.002.Ferrero de Loma-Osorio Á., Díaz-Infante E., Macías Gallego A. Spanish Catheter Ablation Registry Collaborators. Spanish Catheter Ablation Registry. 12th Official Report of the Spanish Society of Cardiology Working Group on Electrophysiology and Arrhythmias (2012). Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2013; 66: 983-992. doi: 10.1016/j.rec.2013.08.002.Biviano A.B., Bain W., Whang W., Leitner J., Dizon J., Hickey K., Garan H. Focal left atrial tachycardias not associated with prior catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation: clinical and electrophysiological characteristics. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012; 35: 17-27. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2011.03227.x.Biviano A.B., Bain W., Whang W., Leitner J., Dizon J., Hickey K., Garan H. Focal left atrial tachycardias not associated with prior catheter ablation for atrial fibrillation: clinical and electrophysiological characteristics. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012; 35: 17-27. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2011.03227.x.Spector P., Reynolds M.R., Calkins H., Sondhi M., Xu Y., Martin A., Williams C.J., Sledge I. Meta-analysis of ablation of atrial flutter and supraventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 2009; 104: 671-677. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.04.040.Spector P., Reynolds M.R., Calkins H., Sondhi M., Xu Y., Martin A., Williams C.J., Sledge I. Meta-analysis of ablation of atrial flutter and supraventricular tachycardia. Am J Cardiol. 2009; 104: 671-677. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2009.04.040.Bastani H., Drca N., Insulander P., Schwieler J., Braunschweig F., Kennebäck G., Sadigh B., Tapanainen J., Jensen-Urstad M. Cryothermal vs. radiofrequency ablation as atrial flutter therapy: a randomized comparison. Europace. 2013; 15: 420-428. doi: 10.1093/europace/eus261.Bastani H., Drca N., Insulander P., Schwieler J., Braunschweig F., Kennebäck G., Sadigh B., Tapanainen J., Jensen-Urstad M. Cryothermal vs. radiofrequency ablation as atrial flutter therapy: a randomized comparison. Europace. 2013; 15: 420-428. doi: 10.1093/europace/eus261.Jaïs P., Shah D.C., Haïssaguerre M., Hocini M., Peng J.T., Takahashi A., Garrigue S., Le Métayer P., Clémenty J. Mapping and ablation of left atrial flutters. Circulation. 2000; 101: 2928-2934.Jaïs P., Shah D.C., Haïssaguerre M., Hocini M., Peng J.T., Takahashi A., Garrigue S., Le Métayer P., Clémenty J. Mapping and ablation of left atrial flutters. Circulation. 2000; 101: 2928-2934.Delacretaz E., Ganz L.I., Soejima K., Friedman P.L., Walsh E.P., Triedman J.K., Sloss L.J., Landzberg M.J., Stevenson W.G. Multi atrial maco-re-entry circuits in adults with repaired congenital heart disease: entrainment mapping combined with three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 37: 1665-1676.Delacretaz E., Ganz L.I., Soejima K., Friedman P.L., Walsh E.P., Triedman J.K., Sloss L.J., Landzberg M.J., Stevenson W.G. Multi atrial maco-re-entry circuits in adults with repaired congenital heart disease: entrainment mapping combined with three-dimensional electroanatomic mapping. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001; 37: 1665-1676.Da Costa A., Thévenin J., Roche F., Romeyer-Bouchard C., Abdellaoui L., Messier M., Denis L., Faure E., Gonthier R., Kruszynski G., Pages J.M., Bonijoly S., Lamaison D., Defaye P., Barthélemy J.C., Gouttard T., Isaaz K. Loire-Ardèche-DrômeIsère-Puy-de-Dôme Trial of Atrial Flutter Investigators. Results from the Loire-Ardèche-Drôme-Isère-Puy-de-Dôme (LADIP) trial on atrial flutter, a multicentric prospective randomized study comparing amiodarone and radiofrequency ablation after the first episode of symptomatic atrial flutter. Circulation. 2006; 114: 1676-1681. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.638395.Da Costa A., Thévenin J., Roche F., Romeyer-Bouchard C., Abdellaoui L., Messier M., Denis L., Faure E., Gonthier R., Kruszynski G., Pages J.M., Bonijoly S., Lamaison D., Defaye P., Barthélemy J.C., Gouttard T., Isaaz K. Loire-Ardèche-DrômeIsère-Puy-de-Dôme Trial of Atrial Flutter Investigators. Results from the Loire-Ardèche-Drôme-Isère-Puy-de-Dôme (LADIP) trial on atrial flutter, a multicentric prospective randomized study comparing amiodarone and radiofrequency ablation after the first episode of symptomatic atrial flutter. Circulation. 2006; 114: 1676-1681. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.638395.Reithmann C., Hoffmann E., Spitzlberger G., Dorwarth U., Gerth A., Remp T., Steinbeck G. Catheter ablation of atrial flutter due to amiodarone therapy for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2000; 21: 565-572.Reithmann C., Hoffmann E., Spitzlberger G., Dorwarth U., Gerth A., Remp T., Steinbeck G. Catheter ablation of atrial flutter due to amiodarone therapy for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2000; 21: 565-572.Mohanty S., Mohanty P., Di Biase L., Bai R., Santangeli P., Casella M., Dello Russo A., Tondo C., Themistoclakis S., Raviele A., Rossillo A., Corrado A., Pelargonio G., Forleo G., Natale A. Results from a single-blind, randomized study comparing the impact of different ablation approaches on longterm procedure outcome in coexistent atrial fibrillation and flutter (APPROVAL). Circulation. 2013; 127: 1853-1860. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001855.Mohanty S., Mohanty P., Di Biase L., Bai R., Santangeli P., Casella M., Dello Russo A., Tondo C., Themistoclakis S., Raviele A., Rossillo A., Corrado A., Pelargonio G., Forleo G., Natale A. Results from a single-blind, randomized study comparing the impact of different ablation approaches on longterm procedure outcome in coexistent atrial fibrillation and flutter (APPROVAL). Circulation. 2013; 127: 1853-1860. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.001855.Wazni O., Marrouche N.F., Martin D.O., Gillinov A.M., Saliba W., Saad E., Klein A., Bhargava M., Bash D., Schweikert R., Erciyes D., Abdul-Karim A., Brachman J., Gunther J., Pisano E., Potenza D., Fanelli R., Natale A. Randomized study comparing combined pulmonary vein-left atrial junction disconnection and cavotricuspid isthmus ablation versus pulmonary vein-left atrial junction disconnection alone in patients presenting with typical atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2003; 108: 24792483. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000101684.88679.ABWazni O., Marrouche N.F., Martin D.O., Gillinov A.M., Saliba W., Saad E., Klein A., Bhargava M., Bash D., Schweikert R., Erciyes D., Abdul-Karim A., Brachman J., Gunther J., Pisano E., Potenza D., Fanelli R., Natale A. Randomized study comparing combined pulmonary vein-left atrial junction disconnection and cavotricuspid isthmus ablation versus pulmonary vein-left atrial junction disconnection alone in patients presenting with typical atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2003; 108: 24792483. doi: 10.1161/01.CIR.0000101684.88679.ABCoffey J.O., d'Avila A., Dukkipati S., Danik S.B., Gangireddy S.R., Koruth J.S., Miller M.A., Sager S.J., Eggert C.A., Reddy V.Y. Catheter ablation of scar-related atypical atrial flutter. Europace. 2013; 15: 414-419. doi: 10.1093/europace/eus312.Coffey J.O., d'Avila A., Dukkipati S., Danik S.B., Gangireddy S.R., Koruth J.S., Miller M.A., Sager S.J., Eggert C.A., Reddy V.Y. Catheter ablation of scar-related atypical atrial flutter. Europace. 2013; 15: 414-419. doi: 10.1093/europace/eus312.Mamchur S.E., Kurilin M.Y. High-amplitude pace mapping increases safety of radiofrequency catheter ablation of parahisian ectopic foci. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012; 35: 1458-1463. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2012.03515.x.Mamchur S.E., Kurilin M.Y. High-amplitude pace mapping increases safety of radiofrequency catheter ablation of parahisian ectopic foci. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2012; 35: 1458-1463. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8159.2012.03515.x.Fan R., Tardos J.G., Almasry I., Barbera S., Rashba E.J., Iwai S. Novel use of atrial overdrive pacing to rapidly differentiate junctional tachycardia from atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Heart Rhythm. 2011; 8: 840-844. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.01.011.Fan R., Tardos J.G., Almasry I., Barbera S., Rashba E.J., Iwai S. Novel use of atrial overdrive pacing to rapidly differentiate junctional tachycardia from atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. Heart Rhythm. 2011; 8: 840-844. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2011.01.011.Khositseth A., Danielson G.K., Dearani J.A., Munger T.M., Porter C.J. Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in Ebstein anomaly: management and outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004; 128: 826-833. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2004.02.012.Khositseth A., Danielson G.K., Dearani J.A., Munger T.M., Porter C.J. Supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in Ebstein anomaly: management and outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004; 128: 826-833. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2004.02.012.Bockeria L, Golukhova E, Dadasheva M, Revishvili A, Levant A, Bazaev V, Rzaev F, Kakuchaya T. Advantages and disadvantages of one-stage and two-stage surgery for arrhythmias and Ebstein's anomaly. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2005; 28: 536-540. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2005.04.047.Bockeria L, Golukhova E, Dadasheva M, Revishvili A, Levant A, Bazaev V, Rzaev F, Kakuchaya T. Advantages and disadvantages of one-stage and two-stage surgery for arrhythmias and Ebstein's anomaly. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2005; 28: 536-540. doi: 10.1016/j.ejcts.2005.04.047.Scaglione M., Caponi D., Ebrille E., Di Donna P., Di Clemente F., Battaglia A., Raimondo C., Appendino M., Gaita F. Very long-term results of electroanatomic-guided radiofrequency ablation of atrial arrhythmias in patients with surgically corrected atrial septal defect. Europace. 2014; 1800-7.Scaglione M., Caponi D., Ebrille E., Di Donna P., Di Clemente F., Battaglia A., Raimondo C., Appendino M., Gaita F. Very long-term results of electroanatomic-guided radiofrequency ablation of atrial arrhythmias in patients with surgically corrected atrial septal defect. Europace. 2014; 1800-7.Wu J., Deisenhofer I., Ammar S., et al. Acute and long-term outcome after catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardia in patients after the Mustard or Senning operation for D-transposition of the great arteries. Europace. 2014; 16(12): 1800-1807. doi: 10.1093/europace/euu076.Wu J., Deisenhofer I., Ammar S., et al. Acute and long-term outcome after catheter ablation of supraventricular tachycardia in patients after the Mustard or Senning operation for D-transposition of the great arteries. Europace. 2014; 16(12): 1800-1807. doi: 10.1093/europace/euu076.Said S.M., Burkhart H.M., Schaff H.V., Cetta F., Driscoll D.J., Li Z., Oliver W.C. J.r, Ammash N.M., Dearani J.A. Fontan conversion: identifying the high-risk patient. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014; 97: 2115-2121. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.01.083.Said S.M., Burkhart H.M., Schaff H.V., Cetta F., Driscoll D.J., Li Z., Oliver W.C. J.r, Ammash N.M., Dearani J.A. Fontan conversion: identifying the high-risk patient. Ann Thorac Surg. 2014; 97: 2115-2121. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2014.01.083.Gutierrez S.D., Earing M.G., Singh A.K., Tweddell J.S., Bartz P.J. Atrial tachyarrhythmias and the Cox-maze procedure in congenital heart disease. Congenit Heart Dis. 2013; 8: 434439. doi: 10.1111/chd.12031.Gutierrez S.D., Earing M.G., Singh A.K., Tweddell J.S., Bartz P.J. Atrial tachyarrhythmias and the Cox-maze procedure in congenital heart disease. Congenit Heart Dis. 2013; 8: 434439. doi: 10.1111/chd.12031.Szumowski L., Szufladowicz E., Orczykowski M., Bodalski R., Derejko P., Przybylski A., Urbanek P., Kuśmierczyk M., Koźluk E., Sacher F., Sanders P., Dangel J., Haissaguerre M., Walczak F. Ablation of severe drug-resistant tachyarrhythmia during pregnancy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2010; 21: 877882. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2010.01727.x.Szumowski L., Szufladowicz E., Orczykowski M., Bodalski R., Derejko P., Przybylski A., Urbanek P., Kuśmierczyk M., Koźluk E., Sacher F., Sanders P., Dangel J., Haissaguerre M., Walczak F. Ablation of severe drug-resistant tachyarrhythmia during pregnancy. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2010; 21: 877882. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-8167.2010.01727.x.Damilakis J., Theocharopoulos N., Perisinakis K., Manios E., Dimitriou P., Vardas P., Gourtsoyiannis N. Conceptus radiation dose and risk from cardiac catheter ablation procedures. Circulation. 2001; 104: 893-897.Damilakis J., Theocharopoulos N., Perisinakis K., Manios E., Dimitriou P., Vardas P., Gourtsoyiannis N. Conceptus radiation dose and risk from cardiac catheter ablation procedures. Circulation. 2001; 104: 893-897.Juneja R., Shah S., Naik N., Kothari S.S., Saxena A., Talwar K.K. Management of cardiomyopathy resulting from incessant supraventricular tachycardia in infants and children.Indian Heart J. 2002; 54: 176-180.Juneja R., Shah S., Naik N., Kothari S.S., Saxena A., Talwar K.K. Management of cardiomyopathy resulting from incessant supraventricular tachycardia in infants and children. Indian Heart J. 2002; 54: 176-180.Koyak Z., Harris L., de Groot J.R., Silversides C.K., Oechslin E.N., Bouma B.J., Budts W., Zwinderman A.H., Van Gelder I.C., Mulder B.J.M. Sudden Cardiac Death in Adult Congenital Heart Disease. Circulation. 2012; 126: 1944-1954. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.104786.Koyak Z., Harris L., de Groot J.R., Silversides C.K., Oechslin E.N., Bouma B.J., Budts W., Zwinderman A.H., Van Gelder I.C., Mulder B.J.M. Sudden Cardiac Death in Adult Congenital Heart Disease. Circulation. 2012; 126: 1944-1954. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.104786.Kammeraad J.A.E., van Deurzen C.H.M., Sreeram N., Bink-Boelkens M.Th.E., Ottenkamp J., Helbing W.A. Predictors of Sudden Cardiac Death After Mustard or Senning Repair for Transposition of the Great Arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 1095-102. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.05.073.Kammeraad J.A.E., van Deurzen C.H.M., Sreeram N., Bink-Boelkens M.Th.E., Ottenkamp J., Helbing W.A. Predictors of Sudden Cardiac Death After Mustard or Senning Repair for Transposition of the Great Arteries. J Am Coll Cardiol 2004; 44: 1095-102. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2004.05.073.Sarkar D., Bull C., Yates R., Wright D., Cullen S., Gewillig M., Clayton R., Tunstill A., Deanfield J. Comparison of long-term outcomes of atrial repair of simple transposition with implications for late arterial switch strategy. Circulation. 1999; 100 (Suppl II): II-176–II-181.Sarkar D., Bull C., Yates R., Wright D., Cullen S., Gewillig M., Clayton R., Tunstill A., Deanfield J. Comparison of long-term outcomes of atrial repair of simple transposition with implications for late arterial switch strategy. Circulation. 1999; 100 (Suppl II): II-176–II-181.Puley G., Siu S., Connelly M., Harrison D., Webb G., Williams W.G., Harris L. Arrhythmia and survival in patients 18 years after the Mustard procedure for complete transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol. 1999; 83: 1080-1084.Puley G., Siu S., Connelly M., Harrison D., Webb G., Williams W.G., Harris L. Arrhythmia and survival in patients 18 years after the Mustard procedure for complete transposition of the great arteries. Am J Cardiol. 1999; 83: 1080-1084.Ruckdeschel E.S., Kay J., Varosy P., Nguyen D.T. Slow Pathway Modification in a Patient with D-Transposition of the Great Arteries and Atrial Switch Procedure. Card Electrophysiol Clin. 2016; 8(1): 191-196. doi: 10.1016/j.ccep.2015.10.027.Ruckdeschel E.S., Kay J., Varosy P., Nguyen D.T. Slow Pathway Modification in a Patient with D-Transposition of the Great Arteries and Atrial Switch Procedure. Card Electrophysiol Clin. 2016; 8(1): 191-196. doi: 10.1016/j.ccep.2015.10.027.Cheung Y.F., Cheng Y.W., Chau K.T., Yung T.C., Tong K.S. Long-term outcome and cardiac arrhythmias in infants with right atrial isomerism. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2004; 42(3): 166-171.Cheung Y.F., Cheng Y.W., Chau K.T., Yung T.C., Tong K.S. Long-term outcome and cardiac arrhythmias in infants with right atrial isomerism. Zhonghua Er Ke Za Zhi. 2004; 42(3): 166-171.Munclinger M.J., Thornton A.S., Schutte D.P., Sliwa K. Fatal potential of supraventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2004; 93(2-3): 335-337. doi : 10.1016/S0167-5273(03)00191-8.Munclinger M.J., Thornton A.S., Schutte D.P., Sliwa K. Fatal potential of supraventricular tachycardia in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. Int J Cardiol. 2004; 93(2-3): 335-337. doi : 10.1016/S0167-5273(03)00191-8.Schimpf R., Giustetto C., Eckardt L., Veltmann C., Wolpert C., Gaita F., Breithardt G., Borggrefe M. Prevalence of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in a cohort of 115 patients with Brugada syndrome. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2008; 13(3): 266-269. doi: 10.1111/j.1542-474X.2008.00230.x.Schimpf R., Giustetto C., Eckardt L., Veltmann C., Wolpert C., Gaita F., Breithardt G., Borggrefe M. Prevalence of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias in a cohort of 115 patients with Brugada syndrome. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol. 2008; 13(3): 266-269. doi: 10.1111/j.1542-474X.2008.00230.x.Brugada J., Blom N., Sarquella-Brugada G., BlomstromLundqvist C., Deanfield J., Janousek J., Abrams D., Bauersfeld U., Brugada R., Drago F., de Groot N., Happonen J.M., Hebe J., Yen Ho S., Marijon E., Paul T., Pfammatter J.P., Rosenthal E. European Heart Rhythm Association; Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy for arrhythmias in the pediatric population: EHRA and AEPC-Arrhythmia Working Group joint consensus statement. Europace. 2013; 15(9): 1337-1382. doi: 10.1093/europace/eut082.Brugada J., Blom N., Sarquella-Brugada G., BlomstromLundqvist C., Deanfield J., Janousek J., Abrams D., Bauersfeld U., Brugada R., Drago F., de Groot N., Happonen J.M., Hebe J., Yen Ho S., Marijon E., Paul T., Pfammatter J.P., Rosenthal E. European Heart Rhythm Association; Association for European Paediatric and Congenital Cardiology. Pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapy for arrhythmias in the pediatric population: EHRA and AEPC-Arrhythmia Working Group joint consensus statement. Europace. 2013; 15(9): 1337-1382. doi: 10.1093/europace/eut082.Philip Saul J., Kanter R.J.; WRITING COMMITTEE, Abrams D., Asirvatham S., Bar-Cohen Y., Blaufox A.D., Cannon B., Clark J., Dick M., Freter A., Kertesz N.J., Kirsh J.A., Kugler J., LaPage M., McGowan F.X., Miyake C.Y., Nathan A., Papagiannis J., Paul T., Pflaumer A., Skanes A.C., Stevenson W.G., Von Bergen N., Zimmerman F. PACES/ HRS expert consensus statement on the use of catheter ablation in children and patients with congenital heart disease: Developed in partnership with the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES) and the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS). Endorsed by the governing bodies of PACES, HRS, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the American Heart Association (AHA), and the Association for European Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). Heart Rhythm. 2016; 13(6): e251-289. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.02.009.Philip Saul J., Kanter R.J.; WRITING COMMITTEE, Abrams D., Asirvatham S., Bar-Cohen Y., Blaufox A.D., Cannon B., Clark J., Dick M., Freter A., Kertesz N.J., Kirsh J.A., Kugler J., LaPage M., McGowan F.X., Miyake C.Y., Nathan A., Papagiannis J., Paul T., Pflaumer A., Skanes A.C., Stevenson W.G., Von Bergen N., Zimmerman F. PACES/ HRS expert consensus statement on the use of catheter ablation in children and patients with congenital heart disease: Developed in partnership with the Pediatric and Congenital Electrophysiology Society (PACES) and the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS). Endorsed by the governing bodies of PACES, HRS, the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP), the American Heart Association (AHA), and the Association for European Pediatric and Congenital Cardiology (AEPC). Heart Rhythm. 2016; 13(6): e251-289. doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2016.02.009.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.