References

kpccz

Комплексные проблемы сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний

Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases

2306-12782587-9537

Federal State Budgetary Institution “Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases”

10.17802/2306-1278-2020-9-4-80-87

kpccz-785

Research Article

АНАЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ ОБЗОР. Патологическая физиология

REVIEWS. Pathological physiology

Влияние воспаления и мутаций митохондриального генома на клеточные механизмы атерогенеза

Influence of inflammation and mitochondrial mutations on cellular mechanisms of atherogenesis

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6649-7924

Маркин

А. М.

Markin

A. M.

Маркин Александр Михайлович - кандидат медицинских наук, научный сотрудник лаборатории инфекционной патологии и молекулярной микроэкологии.

Ул. Цюрупы 3, Москва, 117418

Markin Alexander M. - Ph.D., a researcher at the Laboratory of Infectious Pathology and Molecular Microecology.

3, Tsyurupy St., Moscow, 117418

alexander.markin.34@gmail.com

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3781-6340

Маркина

Ю. В.

Markina

Yu. V.

Маркина Юлия Владимировна - кандидат медицинских наук, научный сотрудник лаборатории инфекционной патологии и молекулярной микроэкологии.

Ул. Цюрупы 3, Москва, 117418

Markina Yuliya V. - Ph.D., a researcher at the Laboratory of Infectious Pathology and Molecular Microecology.

3, Tsyurupy St., Moscow, 117418

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2897-4777

Толстик

Т. В.

Tolstik

T. V.

Толстик Таисия Владимировна – аспирант.

Ул. Цюрупы 3, Москва, 117418

Tolstik Taisiya V. - a Ph.D. student.

3, Tsyurupy St., Moscow, 117418

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1188-1945

Богатырева

А. И.

Bogatyreva

A. I.

Богатырева Анастасия Ильинична - аспирант.

Ул. Цюрупы 3, Москва, 117418

Bogatyreva Anastasia I. - a Ph.D. student.

3, Tsyurupy St., Moscow, 117418

https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0978-6444

Собенин

И. А.

Sobenin

I. A.

Собенин Игорь Александрович - доктор медицинских наук, руководитель лаборатории медицинской генетики.

Ул. 3-я Черепковская 15А, Москва, 121552

Sobenin Igor A. - Ph.D., the Head of the Laboratory of Medical Genetics.

15A, 3rd Cherepkovskaya St., Moscow, 121552

https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6495-1628

Орехов

А. Н.

Orekhov

А. N.

Orekhov Alexander N. - Ph.D., Professor, a senior researcher at the Laboratory of Infectious Pathology and Molecular Microecology, Research Institute of Human Morphology; the Head of the Laboratory of Angiopathology, RIGPP.

3, Tsyurupy St., Moscow, 117418; 8, Baltiyskaya St., Moscow, 125315

Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение Научно-исследовательский институт морфологии человекаРоссияFederal State Budget Scientific Institution Research Institute of Human MorphologyRussian Federation

Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр кардиологии Министерства здравоохранения Российской ФедерацииРоссияFederal State Budgetary Institution National Medical Research Center for Cardiology of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian FederationRussian Federation

Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение Научно-исследовательский институт морфологии человека; Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение Научно-исследовательский институт общей патологии и патофизиологииРоссияFederal State Budget Scientific Institution Research Institute of Human Morphology; Federal State Budget Scientific Institution Research Institute of General Pathology and PathophysiologyRussian Federation

2020

18122020

948087

2020

Маркин А.М., Маркина Ю.В., Толстик Т.В., Богатырева А.И., Собенин И.А., Орехов А.Н.

Markin A.M., Markina Y.V., Tolstik T.V., Bogatyreva A.I., Sobenin I.A., Orekhov А.N.

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.

https://www.nii-kpssz.com/jour/article/view/785

В настоящее время одним из наиболее распространенных возрастных заболеваний является атеросклероз коронарных артерий, впоследствии вызывающий заболевания сердечно-сосудистой системы. Инфаркт и инсульт - осложнения атеросклеротического процесса вследствие критического сужения артерий соответствующей локализации. Атеросклероз представляет собой воспалительное заболевание и поражает различные артерии в организме человека. Патологический процесс сопровождается очаговым утолщением интимы пораженных артерий, в которых по мере прогрессирования заболевания образуются атеросклеротические бляшки. Одним из перспективных направлений изучения патогенеза атеросклероза является исследование мозаичности атеросклеротических поражений, их локального или очагового характера. В настоящее время существует множество гипотез, объясняющих этот феномен, но, на наш взгляд, наиболее убедительным представляется генетическое обоснование мозаичности атеросклеротических поражений. Вариации в генах ядра и митохондрий клеток артериальной стенки, безусловно, влияют на развитие атеросклероза. Выявление таких изменений можно рассматривать для оценки предрасположенности к заболеванию, его прогрессирования и прогноза.

Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases. It is responsible for heart attacks and strokes due to the critical narrowing of the arteries. Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory disease that affects various arteries in the human body. The pathological process is accompanied by the focal thickening of the intima of the affected arteries. The last contributes to plaques building up as the disease progresses. The exploration of atherosclerotic mosaicism, either local or focal, is regarded as one of the most promising research areas. Many hypotheses have been suggested to explain this phenomenon. We suppose that mosaic atherosclerotic lesions are caused by genetic variations. Variations in the nuclear and mitochondrial genes of the arterial wall cells affect the development of atherosclerosis. The presence of these variations may be considered as novel markers suggesting the disease predisposition, its progression, and potential prognosis.

атеросклерозмитохондриивоспалениеинтима

atherosclerosismitochondriainflammationintima

Работа выполнена при финансовой поддержке Российского научного фонда (грант № 20-45-08002)

References1

Mundi S., Massaro M., Scoditti E., Carluccio M.A., van Hinsbergh V.W.M., Iruela-Arispe M.L., De Caterina R. Endothelial permeability, LDL deposition, and cardiovascular risk factors-a review. Cardiovasc Res. 2018; 114(1): 35-52. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvx226.

Summerhill V.I., Grechko A.V., Yet S.F., Sobenin I.A., Orekhov A.N. The Atherogenic Role of Circulating Modified Lipids in Atherosclerosis. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20(14): 3561. doi:10.3390/ijms20143561.

Rea I. M., Gibson D. S., McGilligan V., McNerlan S. E., Alexander H. D., Ross O. A. Age and Age-Related Diseases: Role of Inflammation Triggers and Cytokines. Frontiers in immunology. 2018; 9: 586. doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00586.

Jha C.K., Mir R., Banu S., Elfaki I., Chahal S.M.S. Heterozosity in LDLR rs2228671 and LDLR rs72658855 are associated with increased risk of developing Coronary artery disease in India -A case control study. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets. 2020; 20(3): 388-399. doi: 10.2174/1871530319666191015164505.

Wang W., Zhang K., Zhang H., Li M., Zhao Y., Wang B., et al. Underlying Genes Involved in Atherosclerotic Macrophages: Insights from Microarray Data Mining. Med Sci Monit. 2019; 25: 9949-9962. doi: 10.12659/MSM.917068.

Strassheim D, Karoor V, Stenmark K, Verin A, Gerasimovskaya E. A current view of G protein-coupled receptor-mediated signaling in pulmonary hypertension: finding opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Vessel Plus 2018; 2: 21. doi: 10.20517/2574-1209.2018.44.

Bjornsson E., Thorleifsson G., Helgadottir A., Gudnason T., Gudbjartsson T., Andersen K., et al.. Association of Genetically Predicted Lipid Levels With the Extent of Coronary Atherosclerosis in Icelandic Adults. JAMA cardiology. 2019; 5(1): 13-20. doi: 10.1001/jamacardio.2019.2946.

Rincon L.M., Sanmartm M., Alonso G.L., Rodriguez J.A., Muriel A., Casas E., et al. A genetic risk score predicts recurrent events after myocardial infarction in young adults. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2019; S1885-5857(19)30263-4. doi: 10.1016/j.rec.2019.08.006;

Padarti A, Zhang J. Recent advances in cerebral cavernous malformation research. Vessel Plus 2018; 2: 29. doi:10.20517/2574-1209.2018.34

Sinyov V.V., Sazonova M.A., Ryzhkova A.I., Galitsyna E.V., Melnichenko A.A., Postnov A.Y., Orekhov A.N., Grechko A.V., Sobenin I.A. Potential use of buccal epithelium for genetic diagnosis of atherosclerosis using mtDNA mutations. Vessel Plus. 2017; 1: 145-50. doi: 10.20517/2574-1209.2016.04

Kruger-Genge A., Blocki A., Franke R.P., Jung F. Vascular Endothelial Cell Biology: An Update. Int J Mol Sci. 2019; 20(18): 4411. doi:10.3390/ijms20184411.

Rekhter M.D., Andreeva E.R., Mironov A.A., Orekhov A.N. Three-dimensional cytoarchitecture of normal and atherosclerotic intima of human aorta. Am J Pathol. 1991; 138(3): 569-580.

Orekhov A.N., Bobryshev Y.V., Chistiakov D.A. The complexity of cell composition of the intima of large arteries: focus on pericyte-like cells. Cardiovasc Res. 2014; 103(4): 43851. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvu168.

Hill J., Rom S., Ramirez S.H., Persidsky Y. Emerging roles of pericytes in the regulation of the neurovascular unit in health and disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2014; 9(5): 591-605. doi:10.1007/s11481-014-9557-x.

Ivanova E.A., Orekhov A.N. Cellular Model of Atherogenesis Based on Pluripotent Vascular Wall Pericytes. Stem Cells Int. 2016; 7321404. doi: 10.1155/2016/7321404.

Orekhov A.N., Andreeva E.R., Andrianova I.V., Bobryshev Y.V. Peculiarities of cell composition and cell proliferation in different type atherosclerotic lesions in carotid and coronary arteries. Atherosclerosis. 2010; 212(2): 436-443. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.07.009.

Ivanova E. A., Myasoedova V. A., Melnichenko A. A., Grechko A. V., Orekhov A. N. Small Dense Low-Density Lipoprotein as Biomarker for Atherosclerotic Diseases. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity. 2017; 2017: 1273042. doi: 10.1155/2017/1273042.

Orekhov A.N., Myasoedova V.A. Low density lipoprotein-induced lipid accumulation is a key phenomenon of atherogenesis at the arterial cell level. Vessel Plus. 2019; 3: 3. doi: 10.20517/2574-1209.2018.80.

Ivanova E. A., Bobryshev Y. V., Orekhov A. N. Intimal pericytes as the second line of immune defence in atherosclerosis. World journal of cardiology. 2015; 7(10): 583593. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v7.i10.583.

Orekhov A.N., Andreeva E.R., Bobryshev Y.V. Cellular mechanisms of human atherosclerosis: Role of cell-to-cell communications in subendothelial cell functions. Tissue Cell. 2016; 48(1): 25-34. doi: 10.1016/j.tice.2015.11.002.

Nakashima Y., Wight T.N., Sueishi K. Early atherosclerosis in humans: role of diffuse intimal thickening and extracellular matrix proteoglycans. Cardiovasc Res. 2008; 79(1): 14-23. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvn099.

Subbotin V.M. Excessive intimal hyperplasia in human coronary arteries before intimal lipid depositions is the initiation of coronary atherosclerosis and constitutes a therapeutic target. Drug Discov Today. 2016; 21(10): 1578-1595. doi: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.05.017.

den Hoed M., Strawbridge R. J., Almgren P., Gustafsson S., Axelsson, T., Engstrom G., et al. GWAS-identified loci for coronary heart disease are associated with intima-media thickness and plaque presence at the carotid artery bulb. Atherosclerosis. 2015; 239(2): 304-310. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.01.032.

Belsky D. W., Moffitt T. E., Sugden K., Williams B., Houts R., McCarthy J., et al. Development and evaluation of a genetic risk score for obesity. Biodemography and social biology. 2013; 59(1): 85-100. doi: 10.1080/19485565.2013.774628.

Talukdar H. A., Foroughi Asl H., Jain R. K., Ermel R., Ruusalepp A., Franzen O., Kidd B.A., Readhead B., Giannarelli C., Kovacic J.C., Ivert T., Dudley J.T., Civelek M., Lusis A.J., Schadt E.E., Skogsberg J., Michoel T., Bjorkegren J.L.M. Cross-Tissue Regulatory Gene Networks in Coronary Artery Disease. Cell systems. 2016; 2(3): 196-208. doi:10.1016/j.cels.2016.02.002.

Howson J., Zhao W., Barnes D. R., Ho W. K., Young R., Paul D. S., Waite L.L., Freitag D.F., Fauman E.B., Salfati E.L., Sun B.B., Eicher J.D., Johnson A.D., Sheu W.H.H., Nielsen S.F., Lin W.-Y., Surendran P., Malarstig A., Wilk J.B., Tybj^rg-Hansen A., Rasmussen K.L., Kamstrup P.R., Deloukas P., Erdmann J., Kathiresan S., Samani N.J., Schunkert H., Watkins H., Do R., Rader D.J., Johnson J.A., Hazen S.L., Quyyumi A.A., Spertus J.A., Pepine C.J., Franceschini N., Justice A., Reiner A.P., Buyske S., Hindorff L.A., Carty C.L., North K.E., Kooperberg C., Boerwinkle E., Young K., Graff M., Peters U., Absher D., Hsiung C.A., Lee W.-J., Taylor K.D., Chen Y.-H., Lee I.-T., Guo X., Chung R.-H., Hung Y.-J., Rotter J.I., Juang J.-M.J., Quertermous T., Wang T.-D., Rasheed A., Frossard P., Alam D.S., Majumder A.A.S., Di Angelantonio E., Chowdhury R., Chen Y.-D.I., Nordestgaard B.G., Assimes T.L., Danesh J., Butterworth A.S., Saleheen D. Fifteen new risk loci for coronary artery disease highlight arterial-wall-specific mechanisms. Nature genetics. 2017; 49(7): 1113-1119. doi:10.1038/ng.3874.

Rincon L.M., Sanmartm M., Alonso G.L., Rodriguez J.A., Muriel A., Casas E., et al. Navarro M., Carbonell A., Lazaro C., Fernandez S., Gonzalez P., Rodriguez M., Jimenez-Mena M., Fernandez-Golfln C., Esteban A., Garci'a-Bermejo M. L., Zamorano J.L. A genetic risk score predicts recurrent events after myocardial infarction in young adults. Rev Esp Cardiol (Engl Ed). 2019; 1885-5857(19): 30263-30264. doi: 10.1016/j.rec.2019.08.006.

Myasoedova VA, Chistiakov DA, Grechko AV, Orekhov AN. Matrix metalloproteinases in pro-atherosclerotic arterial remodeling. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2018; 123: 159-167. doi: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.08.026.

Lusis A.J. Y-Chromosome Genetic Variation Associated With Atherosclerosis and Inflammation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2019; 39(11): 2201-2202. doi: 10.1161/ ATVBAHA.119.313369.

Marsman J., Gimenez G., Day R.C., Horsfield J.A., Jones G.T. A non-coding genetic variant associated with abdominal aortic aneurysm alters ERG gene regulation. Hum Mol Genet. 2020; 29(4): 554-565. doi: 10.1093/hmg/ddz256.

Wang Y., Jia L., Xie Y., Cai Z., Liu Z., Shen J., Lu Y., Wang Y., Su S., Ma Y., Xiang M. Involvement of macrophage-derived exosomes in abdominal aortic aneurysms development. Atherosclerosis. 2019; 289: 64-72. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.08.016.

Brozovich F.V., Nicholson C.J., Degen C.V., Gao Y.Z., Aggarwal M., Morgan K.G. Mechanisms of Vascular Smooth Muscle Contraction and the Basis for Pharmacologic Treatment of Smooth Muscle Disorders. Pharmacol Rev. 2016; 68(2): 476-532. doi:10.1124/pr.115.010652.

Wu G., Cai J., Han Y., Chen J., Huang Z. P., Chen C., Cai Y., Huang H., Yang Y., Liu Y., Xu Z., He D., Zhang X., Hu X., Pinello L., Zhong D., He F., Yuan G.-C., Wang D.-Z., Zeng C. LincRNA-p21 regulates neointima formation, vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, apoptosis, and atherosclerosis by enhancing p53 activity. Circulation. 2014; 130(17): 14521465. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.011675.

Kong Y., Hsieh C.H., Alonso L.C. ANRIL: A lncRNA at the CDKN2A/B Locus With Roles in Cancer and Metabolic Disease. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne). 2018; 9: 405. doi:10.3389/fendo.2018.00405.

Calvo M.J., Martmez M.S., Torres W, Chavez-Castillo M., Luzardo E., Villasmil N., Salazar J., Velasco M., Bermudez V. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and cardiovascular health: a molecular view into structure and function. Vessel Plus 2017; 1: 116-128. doi:10.20517/2574-1209.2017.14.

Sobenin I.A., Myasoedova V.A., Orekhov A.N. Phytoestrogen-Rich Dietary Supplements in Anti-Atherosclerotic Therapy in Postmenopausal Women. Curr Pharm Des. 2016;22(2):152-63.

Gu H.M., Adijiang A., Mah M., Zhang D.W. Characterization of the role of EGF-A of low density lipoprotein receptor in PCSK9 binding. J Lipid Res. 2013; 54(12): 33453357. doi:10.1194/jlr.M041129.

Cariou B., Dijk W. EGF-A peptides: A promising strategy for PCSK9 inhibition. Atherosclerosis. 2020; 292: 204206. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2019.11.010.

Fouchier S.W., Dallinga-Thie G.M., Meijers J.C., Zelcer N., Kastelein J.J., Defesche J.C., Hovingh G.K. Mutations in STAP1 are associated with autosomal dominant hypercholesterolemia. Circ Res. 2014; 115(6): 552-5. doi: 10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.304660.

Weakley S. M., Jiang J., Kougias P., Lin P. H., Yao Q., Brunicardi F. C., Gibbs R. A., Chen C. Role of somatic mutations in vascular disease formation. Expert review of molecular diagnostics, 2010; 10(2): 173-185. doi:10.1586/erm.10.1.

Tang X., Luo Y.X., Chen H.Z., Liu D.P. Mitochondria, endothelial cell function, and vascular diseases. Front Physiol. 2014; 5: 175. doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00175.

Hu, F., Liu, F. Mitochondrial stress: a bridge between mitochondrial dysfunction and metabolic diseases?. Cell Signal. 2011; 23(10): 1528-1533. doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2011.05.008.

Martmez M.S., Garcia A., Luzardo E., Chavez-Castillo M., Olivar L.C., Salazar J., Velasco M.l., Rojas Quintero J.J., Bermudez V. Energetic metabolism in cardiomyocytes: molecular basis of heart ischemia and arrhythmogenesis. Vessel Plus. 2017; 1: 130-41. doi:10.20517/2574-1209.2017.34.

Sobenin I.A., Sazonova M.A., PostnovA.Y., Salonen J.T., Bobryshev Y.V., Orekhov A.N. Association of mitochondrial genetic variation with carotid atherosclerosis. PLoS One. 2013; 8(7): e68070. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068070.

Sazonova M., Sinyov V., Barinova V., Ryzhkova A., Zhelankin A., Postnov A., Sobenin I.A., Bobryshev Y.V., Orekhov A.N. Mosaicism of Mitochondrial Genetic Variation in Atherosclerotic Lesions of the Human Aorta. BioMed research international. 2015; 825468. doi: 10.1155/2015/825468.

Siasos G., Tsigkou V., Kosmopoulos M., Theodosiadis D., Simantiris S., Tagkou N.M., Tsimpiktsioglou A., Stampouloglou P.K., Oikonomou E., Mourouzis K., Philippou A., Vavuranakis M., Stefanadis C., Tousoulis D., Papavassiliou A.G. Mitochondria and cardiovascular diseases-from pathophysiology to treatment. Annals of translational medicine. 2018; 6(12): 256. doi:10.21037/atm.2018.06.21.

Liang H., Ward W.F. PGC-1alpha: a key regulator of energy metabolism. Adv Physiol Educ. 2006; 30(4): 145-151. doi: 10.1152/advan.00052.2006.

Jia Z., Zhang Y., Li Q., Ye Z., Liu Y., Fu C., Cang X., Wang M., Guan M.-X. A coronary artery disease-associated tRNAThr mutation altered mitochondrial function, apoptosis and angiogenesis. Nucleic acids research. 2019; 47(4): 20562074. doi:10.1093/nar/gky1241.

Diot A., Morten K., Poulton J. Mitophagy plays a central role in mitochondrial ageing. Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society. 2016; 27(7-8): 381-395. doi:10.1007/s00335-016-9651-x.

Vasquez-Trincado C., Garda-Carvajal I., Pennanen C., Parra V., Hill J. A., Rothermel B.A., Lavandero S. Mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy and cardiovascular disease. The Journal of physiology. 2016; 594(3): 509-525. doi:10.1113/JP271301.

Chistiakov D.A., Sobenin I.A., Revin V.V., Orekhov, A.N., Bobryshev Y.V. Mitochondrial aging and age-related dysfunction of mitochondria. Biomed Res Int. 2014; 238463. doi:10.1155/2014/238463.

Yu E.P. Bennett M.R. Mitochondrial DNA damage and atherosclerosis. Trends Endocrinol. Metab. 2014; 25: 481-487. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2014.06.008.

Itsara L.S., Kennedy S.R., Fox E.J., Yu S., Hewitt J.J., Sanchez-Contreras M., Cardozo-Pelaez F., Pallanck L.J. Oxidative stress is not a major contributor to somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations. PLoS Genet. 2014; 10: e1003974. doi: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1003974.

Kennedy S.R.; Salk J.J.; Schmitt M.W.; Loeb L.A. Ultrasensitive sequencing reveals an age-related increase in somatic mitochondrial mutations that are inconsistent with oxidative damage. PLoS Genet. 2013; 9: e1003794.

Orekhov A.N., Zhelankin A.V., Kolmychkova K.I., Mitrofanov K.Y., Kubekina M.V., Ivanova E.A., Sobenin I.A. Susceptibility of monocytes to activation correlates with atherogenic mitochondrial DNA mutations. Exp Mol Pathol. 2015; 99(3): 672-6.

Orekhov A.N., Poznyak A.V., Sobenin I.A., Nikifirov N.N., Ivanova E.A. Mitochondrion as a selective target for treatment of atherosclerosis: Role of mitochondrial DNA mutations and defective mitophagy in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and chronic inflammation. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2019. doi: 10.2174/1570159X17666191118125018.

Tertov V.V., Sobenin I.A., Gabbasov Z.A., Popov E.G., Jaakkola O., Solakivi T., Nikkari T., Smirnov V.N., OrekhovA.N. Multiple-modified desialylated low density lipoproteins that cause intracellular lipid accumulation. Isolation, fractionation and characterization. Lab Invest. 1992; 67(5): 665-75.

Tertov V.V., Sobenin I.A., Gabbasov Z.A., Popov E.G., Orekhov A.N. Lipoprotein aggregation as an essential condition of intracellular lipid accumulation caused by modified low density lipoproteins. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 1989; 163(1): 489-94. doi: 10.1016/0006-291x(89)92163-3.

Orekhov A.N., Nikiforov N.G., Sukhorukov V.N., Kubekina M.V., Sobenin I.A., Wu W.K., Foxx K.K., Pintus S., Stegmaier P., Stelmashenko D., Kel A., Gratchev A.N., Melnichenko A.A., Wetzker R., Summerhill V.I., Manabe I., Oishi Y. Role of Phagocytosis in the Pro-Inflammatory Response in LDL-Induced Foam Cell Formation; a Transcriptome Analysis. Int J Mol Sci. 2020; 21(3): 817. doi: 10.3390/ijms21030817.

The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.