REVIEW OF VASCULAR ACCESSES IN PATIENTS ON CHRONIC HEMODIALYSIS AND THEIR PROBLEMS OF LONG-TERM FUNCTIONING: THE CURRENT STATE OF THE ISSUE

Highlights

Today, there is a wide variety of vascular accesses for hemodialysis sessions. For the first time, the main advantages and disadvantages of various types of permanent vascular access with prolonged use are described in a structured manner. Currently, the use of allographs and biological prostheses remains poorly understood, and their further study is a promising area.

Absract

To date, there is a wide variety of vascular accesses for hemodialysis sessions, including: dialysis catheter, primary or native arteriovenous fistula, arteriovenous grafts. The main problems of using permanent vascular access, leading to its loss, are revealed: excessive neointimal growth, infections, pulmonary hypertension, steal syndrome (stealing syndrome), aneurysmal dilation. The “gold standard” with the fewest possible complications is the use of native AVF. The dialysis catheter has many problems and is not recommended for long-term permanent use. The use of AVG from synthetic materials has long been described in many foreign studies and occupies an intermediate place among the approaches described above. Currently, the use of biotransplants (biological grafts) and allografts remains a little-studied alternative. Further study of the use of allographs and biological prostheses from the perspective of possible complications of permanent vascular access and comparison of the results obtained with native AVF and AVG will help to form a consensus on these materials among the scientific community.

1. Tomilina NA, Andrusev A M, Peregudova NG, Shinkarev MB. Substitution therapy for terminal chronic renal failure. A report on the data of the All-Russian Register of Renal Replacement Therapy of the Russian Dialysis Society. Part one. Nephrology and Dialysis 2017;19(4, appendix):S1-95. (In Russ).

2. Ryan Murray, Troy Zimmerman, Anupam Agarwal, Paul M. Palevsky, Susan Quaggin, Sylvia E. Rosas, and Holly Kramer Kidney-Related Research in the United States: A Position Statement From the National Kidney Foundation and the American Society of Nephrology. 2021 Aug;78(2):161-167. doi:10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.04.006

3. S.V. Alferov, S.A. Karpov, K.M. Grinev, A.N. Vasiliev. Permanent vascular access for hemodialysis: current views. Nephrology.17(6). 2013; 56-70.(In Russ)

4. Sadaf T Bhutta, William C Culp. Evaluation and management of central venous access complications. 2011 Dec;14(4):217-24. doi: 10.1053/j.tvir.2011.05.003

5. Peter R., Bream Jr. Update on Insertion and Complications of Central Venous Catheters for Hemodialysis. 2016 Mar;33(1):31-8. doi: 10.1055/s-0036-1572547

6. K/DOQI Clinical Practice Guidelines and Clinical Practice Recommendations 2006 Updates Hemodialysis adequacy Peritoneal Dialysis Adequacy Vascular Access. Am J Kidney Dis 2006; 48(Suppl 1):S1-158

7. Rodriguez JA, Armadans L, Ferrer E et al. The function of permanent vascular access. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2000 Mar;15(3):402-8. doi: 10.1093/ndt/15.3.402

8. Ravani P., Quinn R., Oliver M., Robinson B., Pisoni R., Pannu N. et al. Examining the Association between Hemodialysis Access Type and Mortality: The Role of Access Complications // Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. 2017 Jun 7;12(6):955-964. doi: 10.2215/CJN.12181116

9. Lazarides M. K., Staramos D. N., Kopadis G. et al. Onset of arte rial ‘steal’ following proximal angioaccess: immediate and delayed types // Nephrol. Dial. Transplant. 2003 Nov;18(11):2387-90. doi: 10.1093/ndt/gfg346

10. N Goel , G A Miller, M C Jotwani, J Licht, I Schur, W P Arnold. Minimally Invasive Limited Ligation Endoluminal-assisted Revision (MILLER) for treatment of dialysis access-associated steal syndrome. 2006 Aug;70(4):765-70. doi: 10.1038/sj.ki.5001554

11. Kaufman J.L., Garb J.L., Berman J.A. et al. A prospective comparison of two expanded polytetrafluoroethylene grafts for linear forearm hemodialysis access: does the manufacturer matter? // J Am Coll Surg. 1997 Jul;185(1):74-9.

12. Vasiliev Andrey, Mishin Igor. Arterio-venous fistula aneurysm for programmed hemodialysis: rational approaches in diagnosis and surgical correction. In: Almanac of the Vishnevsky Institute of Surgery, 2018, Nr. 1, p. 97. ISSN 2075-6895.(In Russ)

13. Rui Pinto, Clemente Sousa, Anabela Salgueiro and Isabel Fernandes. Arteriovenous fistula cannulation in hemodialysis: A vascular access clinical practice guidelines narrative review. 2022 Sep;23(5):825-831. doi: 10.1177/11297298211006972

14. Javier Reque, Borja Quiroga, Caridad Ruiz, Maria Teresa Villaverde, Almudena Vega, Soraya Abad, Nayara Panizo, J Manuel López-Gómez. Pulmonary hypertension in hemodialysis patients: Prevalence and associated factors. 2016 Feb 19;146(4):143-7. doi: 10.1016/j.medcli.2015.06.019.

15. Rudenko T.E., Vasilyeva M.P., Bobkova I.N. Pulmonary hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease: prevalence, mechanisms of development, treatment prospects. Consilium Medicum. 2018; 20 (12): 55–60. doi: 10.26442/20751753.2018.12.000034. (In Russ).

16. Ahmed M Tawfik, Mohammed H Zidan, Aymen Salem, Amr Salem. A randomized controlled study of early versus standard cannulation of arteriovenous grafts in hemodialysis patients. 2022 Mar;75(3):1047-1053. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2021.08.106

17. Su-Ju Lin, Shu-Chen Chang, Chun-Wu Tung, Yung-Chien Hsu, Ya-Hsueh Shih, Yi-Ling Wu, Tse-Chih Chou, Chun-Liang Lin. Timing of the first cannulation and survival of arteriovenous grafts in hemodialysis patients: a multicenter retrospective cohort study. 2021 Dec;43(1):1416-1424. doi: 10.1080/0886022X.2021.1988638

18. U Barth, K Wasseroth, F Meyer. Graft aneurysms as long-term complication of polyester prostheses and their management : Brief review based on a systematic review of the literature. 2018 Mar;89(3):212-221. doi: 10.1007/s00104-017-0530-0

19. Dauria D.M., Dyk P., Garvin P. Incidence and management of seroma after arteriovenous graft placement. J.Am. Coll. Surg. 2006 Oct;203(4):506-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.06.002.

20. J E Anderson, A S Chang, M P Anstadt. Polytetrafluoroethylene hemoaccess site infections. 2000 Nov-Dec;46(6):S18-21. doi: 10.1097/00002480-200011000-00032

21. Sadovsky A.A., Sultanov R.V., Turieva M.V., Moses V.G., Rudaeva E.V., Elgina S.I., Moses K.B., Y. THROMBOSIS OF ARTERIOVENOUS CRAFTS Center.

22. THE RELEVANCE OF THE PROBLEM //Medicine in Kuzbass. 2023. No.3, S43-48. (In Russ).

23. Shiu YT, Rotmans JI, Geelhoed WJ, Pike DB, Lee T. Arteriovenous conduits for hemodialysis: how to better modulate the pathophysiological vascular response to optimize vascular access durability. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2019 May 1;316(5):F794-F806. doi: 10.1152/ajprenal.00440.2018.

24. Martinez L, Duque JC, Tabbara M, Paez A, Selman G, Hernandez DR, Sundberg CA, Tey JCS, Shiu YT, Cheung AK, Allon M, Velazquez OC, Salman LH, Vazquez-Padron RI. Fibrotic Venous Remodeling and Nonmaturation of Arteriovenous Fistulas. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2018 Mar;29(3):1030-1040. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2017050559.

25. Zhao J, Jourd'heuil FL, Xue M, Conti D, Lopez-Soler RI, Ginnan R, Asif A, Singer HA, Jourd'heuil D, Long X. Dual Function for Mature Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells During Arteriovenous Fistula Remodeling. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 Mar 30;6(4):e004891. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.116.004891.

26. Lazarides MK, Christaina E, Antoniou GA, Argyriou C, Trypsianis G, Georgiadis GS. Plain versus paclitaxel-coated balloon angioplasty in arteriovenous fistula and graft stenosis: An umbrella review. J Vasc Access. 2022 Nov;23(6):981-988. doi: 10.1177/11297298211005290.

27. Vascular Access Work Group. Clinical practice guidelines for vascular access. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006 S197-198. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2006.04.029

28. Delistefani F, Wallbach M, Müller GA, Koziolek MJ, Grupp C. Risk factors for catheter-related infections in patients receiving permanent dialysis catheter. BMC Nephrol. 2019 May 31;20(1):199. doi: 10.1186/s12882-019-1392-0.

29. Zanoni F, Pavone L, Binda V, Tripepi G, D'Arrigo G, Scalamogna A, Messa P. Catheter-related bloodstream infections in a nephrology unit: Analysis of patient- and catheter-associated risk factors. J Vasc Access. 2021 May;22(3):337-343. doi: 10.1177/1129729820939762.

30. Russian clinical guidelines. Prevention of catheter-associated bloodstream infections and care of the central venous catheter (CVC). 2021; 6.(In Russ)

31. D.B. Kingsmore, K.S. Stevenson, A. Jackson, S.S. Desai, P. Thompson, N. Karydis, M. Franchin, B. White, M. Tozzi, A. Isaak. Arteriovenous Access Graft Infection: Standards of Reporting and Implications for Comparative Data Analysis. 2020. Feb:63:391-398. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2019.08.081

32. Chow BJ, Chowdary P, Khurram M, Mohamed IH. Management of infected arteriovenous grafts for haemodialysis: Outcomes and strategies using a novel objective scoring system. J Vasc Access. 2024 Jul;25(4):1293-1300. doi: 10.1177/11297298231160573.

33. Liu RH, Fraser CD 3rd, Zhou X, Beaulieu RJ, Reifsnyder T. Complete versus partial excision of infected arteriovenous grafts: Does remnant graft material impact outcomes? J Vasc Surg. 2020 Jan;71(1):174-179. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2019.03.062.

34. Dauria DM, Dyk P, Garvin P. Incidence and management of seroma after arteriovenous graft placement. J Am Coll Surg. 2006 Oct;203(4):506-11. doi: 10.1016/j.jamcollsurg.2006.06.002.

35. Attia MI, Atta EM, Elheneidy MA, Sallam EM. Salvage of infected autogenous arteriovenous fistulas, is it possible? J Vasc Access. 2023 Nov;24(6):1275-1283. doi: 10.1177/11297298221080080.

36. Grinev K.M., Karpov S.A., Alferov S.V. Thrombotic complications of permanent vascular access during programmed hemodialysis and methods of their surgical correction. Bulletin of St. Petersburg State University. Medication. 2017. Volume 12. Issue 4. S348. 2017.(In Russ)

37. N Nithiya, Elayaperumal Indhumathi, Dhakshinamoorty Jagadeswaran, Varadharajan Jayaprakash, Matcha Jayakumar. Pulmonary hypertension - prevalence, risk factors, and its association with vascular calcification in chronic kidney disease and hemodialysis patients. 2020 Mar-Apr;31(2):380-387. doi: 10.4103/1319-2442.284012

38. Yigla M, Abassi Z, Reisner SA, Nakhoul F. Pulmonary hypertension in hemodialysis patients: an unrecognized threat. Semin Dial. 2006 Sep-Oct;19(5):353-7. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-139X.2006.00186.x.

39. Navaneethan SD, Roy J, Tao K, et al. Prevalence, Predictors, and Outcomes of Pulmonary Hypertension in CKD. 2016 Mar;27(3):877-86. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2014111111

40. Carl P. Walther, Vijay Nambi, Nicola A. Hanania, and Sankar D. Navaneethan. Diagnosis and Management of Pulmonary Hypertension in Patients With CKD. 2020 Jun;75(6):935-945. doi: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2019.12.005

41. Chemla ES, Morsy M, Anderson L, Whitemore A. Inflow reduction by distalization of anastomosis treats efficiently high-inflow high-cardiac output vascular access for hemodialysis. Semin Dial. 2007 Jan-Feb;20(1):68-72. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-139X.2007.00244.x.

42. Callaghan CJ, Mallik M, Sivaprakasam R, Iype S, Pettigrew GJ. Treatment of dialysis access-associated steal syndrome with the "revision using distal inflow" technique. J Vasc Access. 2011 Jan-Mar;12(1):52-6. doi: 10.5301/jva.2010.5985.

43. Sheaffer WW, Hangge PT, Chau AH, Alzubaidi SJ, Knuttinen MG, Naidu SG, Ganguli S, Oklu R, Davila VJ. Minimally Invasive Limited Ligation Endoluminal-Assisted Revision (MILLER): A Review of the Available Literature and Brief Overview of Alternate Therapies in Dialysis Associated Steal Syndrome. J Clin Med. 2018 May 29;7(6):128. doi: 10.3390/jcm7060128.

44. Mudoni A, Cornacchiari M, Gallieni M, Guastoni C, McGrogan D, Logias F, Ferramosca E, Mereghetti M, Inston N. Aneurysms and pseudoaneurysms in dialysis access. Clin Kidney J. 2015 Aug;8(4):363-7. doi: 10.1093/ckj/sfv042.

45. Wan Z, Lai Q, Zhou Y, Chen L, Tu B. Partial aneurysmectomy for treatment of autologous hemodialysis fistula aneurysm is safe and effective. J Vasc Surg. 2019 Aug;70(2):547-553. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2018.10.119.

46. Naazie IN, Janssen C, Perez S, Mathlouthi A, Cajas-Monson L, Malas M, Al-Nouri O. Revision of Aneurysmal Arteriovenous Access with Immediate Use Graft Is Safe and Avoids Prolonged Use of Tunneled Hemodialysis Catheters. Ann Vasc Surg. 2022 Nov;87:295-301. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2022.09.035.

47. Pineda DM, Dougherty MJ, Wismer MC, Carroll C, Tyagi S, Troutman DA, Calligaro KD. Bovine carotid artery xenografts for hemodialysis access. J Vasc Surg. 2017 Jun;65(6):1729-1734. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2016.12.109.

48. Aziz M, Albert P, Connelly ZM, Lairmore TC, Virk C. A Retrospective Review of Bovine Artery Graft Patency: A Single-Site Study. Ann Vasc Surg. 2023 Aug;94:272-279. doi: 10.1016/j.avsg.2023.02.006.

49. Harlander-Locke MP, Lawrence PF, Ali A, Bae E, Kohn J, Abularrage C, Ricci M, Lemmon GW, Peralta S, Hsu J; Vascular Low-Frequency Disease Consortium. Cryopreserved venous allograft is an acceptable conduit in patients with current or prior angioaccess graft infection. J Vasc Surg. 2017 Oct;66(4):1157-1162. doi: 10.1016/j.jvs.2017.03.450.

50. Jadlowiec CC, Lavallee M, Mannion EM, Lally A, Rochon C, Sheiner PA, Brown MG. Current outcomes and indications for cryopreserved vein allografts in hemodialysis access surgery. J Vasc Access. 2016 Jan-Feb;17(1):47-54. doi: 10.5301/jva.5000405.