RISK FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AND ITS COMPLICATIONS IN YOUNG PEOPLE

Highlights

The problem of arterial hypertension in young people has become more urgent in recent decades. The emergence and spread of new methods of smoking, the influence of psychoemotional stress, and mutations in a number of genes are among the leading risk factors for the development of arterial hypertension. New prevention strategies should include recommendations for lifestyle modification to provide a comprehensive approach to managing the health of young people.

Absract

Arterial hypertension in young people is a medical problem that requires close attention from both doctors and researchers. In recent years, there has been a trend towards an increase in cases of hypertension among young people, which is associated with a number of modifiable and unmodifiable risk factors. The main modifiable factors include smoking, alcohol consumption, sedentary lifestyle, poor nutrition and psychoemotional stress, which can significantly affect blood pressure levels. In addition, one should not forget about the role of genetic predisposition and gender, since men are more prone to developing hypertension. These factors are interrelated and can lead to the development of cardiovascular diseases in the future. Early detection and correction of risk factors such as overweight and dyslipidemia can significantly reduce the risk of hypertension and its associated complications. Proposed prevention strategies should include recommendations on physical activity and lifestyle changes to ensure an integrated approach to youth health management. For a deeper understanding of the pathogenesis of hypertension in young people, additional research is needed to develop effective methods of intervention and prevention. Given the growing prevalence of this problem, the relevance of developing and implementing preventive programs is increasing, which can contribute to improving the health and quality of life of the younger generation.

1. Clinical recommendations "Arterial hypertension in adults" year of approval 2020. The Russian Society of Cardiology.

2. Heart Disease and Stroke Statistics – 2018 Update: A Report From the American Heart Association / E. J. Benjamin [et al.] // Circulation. – 2018. – Vol. 137, iss. 12. – P. 67-492.

3. Xiu-Jun Meng, Guang-Hui Dong, Da Wang. Epidemiology of Prehypertension and Associated Risk Factors in Urban Adults From 33 Communitiesin China. Th e CHPSNE Study. Circulation Journal. 2012; 76(4): 900–906.

4. Maksimovich N.A. The role of risk factors for atherosclerosis in changing the functional activity of vascular endothelium in children and adolescents with autonomic disorders. Zdravookhranenie. 2010; 12: 4-7. (In Russ).

5. Maksimovich N.A., Luksha A.V. Arterial hypertension and risk factors in children: a literature review. doi:10.25298/2221-8785-2020-18-5-523-531. (In Russ).

6. Ibragimova E.E., Yakubova E.F., Yakubova Z.A. Assessment of the influence of smoking on visceral organs and regulatory functions of the organism. Health of the Population and the Environment. 2018; 3(300). (In Russ).

7. Frolova E.A., Zryutina A.V., Bryksina E.S. Main risk factors for the development of primary hypertension among young individuals. The Scientific Heritage. 2021; 59-2. (In Russ).

8. Gusakovskaya L.I., Ziboreva K.A., Mussaeva A.V., Khromova A.A., Oleinikov V.E. The effect of smoking on local and regional vascular stiffness in healthy young individuals. Vestnik of Penza State University. 2015; 2(10). (In Russ).

9. Osipov E.V., Mirzoian E.A., Mukhtarova A.V. The impact of tobacco smoking on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and the level of adaptive capabilities of university students. Proceedings of the Rostov State University of Transport. 2017; 3: 84-86. (In Russ).

10. Fedina R.G., Filippova Yu.S. Socio-destructive forms of behavior: the impact of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption on hormonal and metabolic characteristics in healthy individuals. Medicine of Kyrgyzstan. 2018; 6: 70-72. (In Russ).

11. Frolova E.A., Zryutina A.V. Study of individual-typological characteristics of blood pressure at the borderline of norm and pathology among young women. Modern Science: Innovations and Development. 2022; 10(124). (In Russ).

12. Sinopal'nikov A.I., Klyachkina I.L. Tobacco smoking - a risk factor for the development of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Tobacco Smoking - The Problem of the 21st Century: Conference Materials. Moscow, 2006; 24. (In Russ).

13. Bagdulina E.N., Tsyganova O.V., Fedorova E.L., Bondareva Z.G. Risk factors for the development of arterial hypertension in young women (under 40). Journal of Siberian Medical Sciences. 2013; 4. (In Russ).

14. Husain K, Ansari RA, Ferder L. Alcohol-induced hypertension: Mechanism and prevention. World J Cardiol. 2014 May 26;6(5):245-52. doi: 10.4330/wjc.v6.i5.245. PMID: 24891935; PMCID: PMC4038773.

15. Lyamina N.P., Nalivaeva A.V., Senchikhin V.N., Lipchanskaya T.P. Masked arterial hypertension in young individuals: detectability, severity of cardiovascular risk factors, and prognosis considering gender differences. Russian Journal of Cardiology. 2017; (4): 7-12. (In Russ).

16. Millwood IY, Walters RG, Mei XW, et al, China Kadoorie Biobank Collaborative Group. Conventional and genetic evidence on alcohol and vascular disease aetiology: a prospective study of 500 000 men and women in China. Lancet 2019;393:1831 1842

17. Evseeva M.E., Smirnova T.A. Assessment of quality of life in young individuals with signs of arterial hypertension. Advances in Modern Science and Education. 2016; (8): 103-106. (In Russ).

18. Matthews KA, Katholi CR, McCreath H. Blood pressure reactivity to psychological stress predicts hypertension in the CARDIA study. Circulation. 2004;(110):74-78

19. Matyushichev V.B., Shamratova V.B., Tupinovich G.S., Garifulina G.R. Risk factors for atherosclerosis in youth. Hygiene and Sanitation. 2008; (3): 66-69. (In Russ).

20. Sudakov K.V. Individuality of emotional stress. Journal of Neurology and Psychiatry named after S.S. Klosakov. 2005; (2): 4-12. (In Russ).

21. Telegina A.I., Liferov R.A., Fisun A.Y., Makiev R.G., Gornov V.V., Pastukhov A.V., Kirichenko P.Yu., Cherkashin D.V., Marin A.I., Filippov V.Yu. Prevalence of risk factors in individuals with arterial hypertension exposed to occupational stress. Clinical Medicine. 2017; 95(6): 535-544. DOI: 10.18821/0023-2149-2017-95-6-535-544. (In Russ).

22. Jingjie W, Yang L, Jing Y, Ran L, Yiqing X, Zhou N. Sedentary time and its association with risk of cardiovascular diseases in adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. BMC Public Health. 2022;22(1):286. Published 2022 Feb 12. doi:10.1186/s12889-022-12728-6.

23. Yevstifeeva S.E., Kapustina A.V., Nikонов E.L., et al. on behalf of the participants of the EGIDA-Moscow study. Age and gender characteristics of behavioral risk factors and adherence to a healthy lifestyle among Muscovites. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2020; 19(5): 2670. Doi: 10.15829/1728-8800-2020-2670 (In Russ).

24. Shupina M.I., Turchaninov D.V. Prevalence of arterial hypertension and cardiovascular risk factors in young people. SMJ. 2011; No. 3-2. (In Russ).

25. Gorban V.V., Kovrigina I.V., Gorban E.V., Menshikh V.S. Age-related features of heart rate variability in patients with arterial hypertension: the influence of stress and habitual physical activity. South Russian Journal of Therapeutic Practice. 2021; 2(3): 62-71. doi: 10.21886/2712-8156-2021-2-3-62-71(In Russ).

26. Davidovich I.M., Afonaskov O.V., Talapov S.V. Comparative characteristics of the epidemiology of arterial hypertension in young men—contractual servicemen of the Eastern military district—subjected to dynamic observation with an interval of 5 years (2009-2014): prevalence and risk factors. Far Eastern Medical Journal. 2015; No. 3. (In Russ).

27. Lyamina N.P., Nalivaeva A.V., Senchikhin V.N., Lipchanskaya T.P. Expression of cardiovascular and behavioral risk factors in masked and stable arterial hypertension among the young age group. AG. 2016; No. 3. (In Russ).

28. Skripleva E.V., Kotova O.V., Zatsepin V.I., Makurina O.N. Dynamics of hemostasis and rheological properties of blood in patients with developing arterial hypertension against the background of prolonged regular physical exercise. Modern Problems of Science and Education. 2017; No. 5: 176. (In Russ).

29. Federal State Statistics Service. Selective monitoring of the diet of the population. Results. [Electronic resource]. 2018.

30. Sofi F, Abbate R, Gensini GF, Casini A. Accruing evidence on benefits of adherence to the Mediterranean diet on health: an updated systematic review and metaanalysis. Am J Clin Nutr 2010;92:1189 1196

31. Balanova Y.A., Shalnova S.A., Deev A.D., et al. Obesity in the Russian population - prevalence and associations with risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases. Russian Cardiology Journal. 2018; (6): 123-130. Doi:10.15829/1560-4071-2018-6-123-130 (In Russ).

32. Chernova I.M., Lukyanov M.M., Serdyuk S.E., Boytsov S.A. Evaluation of clinical-genetic risk factors for arterial hypertension in individuals under 35 years. Russian Cardiology Journal. 2015; No. 4 (120). (In Russ).

33. Shalnova S.A., Deev A.D., Balanova Y.A., Kapustina A.V., Imaeva A.E., Muromtseva G.A., Kiseleva N.V., Boytsov S.A. Twenty-year trends of obesity and arterial hypertension and their associations in Russia. Cardiovascular Therapy and Prevention. 2017; 16(4): 4–10. (In Russ).

34. Metelskaya V.A., Shalnova S.A., Deev A.D., et al. Analysis of the prevalence of indicators characterizing the atherogenic spectrum of lipoproteins among residents of the Russian Federation (data from the ESSE-RF study). Preventive Medicine. 2016; 19(1): 15-23. Doi: 10.17116/profmed201619115-23. (In Russ).

35. Antropova O.N., Silkina S.B., Osipova I.V., Smyshlyaeva T.L., Batanina I.A. Cardiovascular risk factors in young individuals with high normal blood pressure and essential arterial hypertension. Siberian Journal of Clinical and Experimental Medicine. 2019; 34(4): 101-111. Doi: 10.29001/2073-8552-2019-34-4-101-111 (In Russ).

36. Nutchin A.K., Mikhaylova A.O. Lipid profile in patients with arterial hypertension across different age-gender categories undergoing diagnosis and treatment in a day hospital. Scientific Community of the XXI Century: Problems and Solutions. 2023; pp. 28-35. (In Russ).

37. Elgarova L.V. Dynamics of the prevalence of atherosclerosis risk factors among young individuals. Medical labor and industrial ecology. 2007; No. 5. (In Russ).

38. Michael H Olsen, Sonia Y Angell, Samira Asma, et al.A call to action and a lifecourse strategy to address the global burden of raised blood pressure on current and future generations: the Lancet Commission on hypertension // The Lancet. - 2016. -Vol 388:2665-2712

39. Wilson FH, Hariri A, Farhi A. A cluster of metabolic defects caused by mutation in a mitochondrial tRNA. Science. 2004; (306): 1190-1194.

40. Namakanov B.A. Familial arterial hypertension: clinical features and diagnostic criteria. Vrach. 2003; No. 7: 41-43. (In Russ).

41. Chernova I.M., Lukyanov M.M., Serdyuk S.E., Boytsov S.A. Assessment of clinical-genetic risk factors for the development of arterial hypertension in individuals under 35. Russian Cardiology Journal. 2015; No. 4 (120). (In Russ).

42. Batrakova O.G. Prevalence of the concealed variant of arterial hypertension in young people with risk factors for the development of cardiovascular diseases. (In Russ).

43. Milyutina M. Yu., Makarova E. V., Menkov N. V., Plastinina S. S., Lyubavina N. A., Martynov S. V., Piskareva N. N. The effect of smoking on vascular wall stiffness in men of working age according to volumetric sphygmography // Clinical Medicine. 2021. No. 1.(In Russ)

44. Milutis R.V., Akopyan V.A., Stel'mashchuk A.A., et al. Arterial hypertension and risk factors for its development among young residents of the Tver region. Youth - to practical healthcare. 2018: 635-638. (In Russ).

45. Luo D, Cheng Y, Zhang H, Ba M, Chen P, Li H, Chen K, Sha W, Zhang C, Chen H. Association between high blood pressure and long term cardiovascular events in young adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2020 Sep 9;370: m3222. doi:10.1136/bmj.m3222. PMID: 32907799; PMCID: PMC7478061.

46. Rapsomaniki E, Timmis A, George J, Pujades-Rodriguez M, Shah AD, Denaxas S, White IR, Caulfield MJ, Deanfield JE, Smeeth L, Williams B, Hingorani A, Hemingway H. Blood pressure and incidence of twelve cardiovascular diseases: lifetime risks, healthy life-years lost, and age-specific associations in 1·25 million people. Lancet. 2014 May 31;383(9932):1899-911. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60685-1. PMID: 24881994; PMCID: PMC4042017.

47. Cardiovascular risk and chronic kidney disease: strategy for cardio-nephroprotection. Russian Cardiology Journal. 2014;112(8):7–37. doi: 10.15829/1560-4071-2014-8-7-37. (In Russ).

48. Krutikov E.S., Chistyakova S.I., Tsvetkov V.A. Features of intrarenal blood flow in patients with essential arterial hypertension in the preclinical stage of nephropathy. Clinical Nephrology. 2015;5(6):18–22. (In Russ).

49. Li X, Wang J, Shen X, An Y, Gong Q, Li H, Zhang B, Shuai Y, Chen Y, Hu Y, Li G. Higher blood pressure predicts diabetes and enhances long-term risk of cardiovascular disease events in individuals with impaired glucose tolerance: Twenty-three-year follow-up of the Daqing diabetes prevention study. J Diabetes. 2019 Jul;11(7):593-598. doi: 10.1111/1753-0407.12887. Epub 2019 Feb 3. PMID: 30556339; PMCID: PMC6618010.

50. Grassi G, Seravalle G, Dell'Oro R, Turri C, Bolla GB, Mancia G. Adrenergic and reflex abnormalities in obesity-related hypertension. Hypertension. 2000 Oct;36(4):538-42. doi: 10.1161/01.hyp.36.4.538. PMID: 11040232.