BIOLOGICAL ARTIFICIAL LIVER
https://doi.org/10.17802/2306-1278-2014-4-70-79
Abstract
Liver failure is a major life-threating condition associated with the highest degree of mortality. The review provides the basic directions of the artificial liver replacement, the emphasis on the theoretical and practical possibilities of creating a biological artificial liver: modification of membranes, cell selection and creating a favorable environment for the functioning of biological cells.
About the Authors
E. V. Grigoryev
Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
G. P. Plotnikov
Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
leading research associate of critical conditions laboratory
Correspondence address:
G. P. Plotnikov, 6, Sosnoviy blvd., 650002, Kemerovo. Tel.: +7 (3842) 64-33-08
D. L. Shukevich
Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
A. S. Golovkin
Federal State Budgetary Institution Research Institute for Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases, Kemerovo
Russian Federation
Russian Federation
References
1. A biological extracorporeal metabolic device for hepatic support / I. Koshino [et al.] // Trans. Amer. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs. 1975. Vol. 21. P. 492.
2. A comparative study of proliferation and hepatic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells / R. Coradeghini [et al.] // Cells Tissues Organs. 2010. Vol. 191. P. 466–477.
3. A reversibly immortalized human hepatocyte cell line as a source of hepatocyte-based biological support / N. Kobayashi [et al.] // Addict Biol. 2001. Vol. 6. P. 293–300.
4. A tightly regulated immortalized human fetal hepatocyte cell line to develop a bioartificial liver / N. Kobayashi [et al.] // Transplant. Proc. 2001. Vol. 33. P. 1948–1949.
5. Adham M. Extracorporeal liver support: waiting for the deciding vote // ASAIO J. 2003. Vol. 49. P. 621–632.
6. Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells as a source of human hepatocytes / A. Banas [et al.] // Hepatology. 2007. Vol. 46. P. 219–228.
7. Alginate-encapsulated HepG2 cells in a fluidized bed bioreactor maintain function in human liver failure plasma / S. M. Coward [et al.] // Artif. Organs. 2009. Vol. 33. P. 1117–1126.
8. Alginate-encapsulated human hepatoblastoma cells in an extracorporeal perfusion system improve some systemic parameters of liver failure in a xenogeneic model / T. M. Rahman [et al.] // Artif. Organs. 2004. Vol. 28 P. 476–482.
9. Artificial and bioartificial support systems for acute and acute-on-chronic liver failure: a systematic review / L. L. Jaergard [et al.] // JAMA. 2003. Vol. 289. P. 217–222.
10. Artificial liver support devices for fulminant liver failure / A. Sechser [et al.] // Clin. Liver. Dis. 2001. Vol. 5. P. 415–430.
11. Bioartificial liver support: report of the longest continuous treatment with human hepatocytes / J. M. Millis [et al.] // Transplant. Proc. 2001. Vol. 33. P. 1935.
12. Biochemical and molecular characterization of hepatocytelike cells derived from human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on a novel three-dimensional biocompatible nanofibrous scaffold / S. Kazemnejad [et al.] // J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2009. Vol. 24. P. 278–287.
13. Bridging a patient with acute liver failure to liver transplantation by the AMC-bioartificial liver / M. P. van de Kerkhove [et al.] // Cell Transplant. 2003. Vol. 12. P. 563–568.
14. Brunner G., Holloway C. J., Lösgen H. The application of immobilized enzymes in an artificial liver support system // Artif. Organs. 1979. Vol. 3. P. 27–30.
15. Brunner G., Tegtimeier F. Enzymatic detoxification using lipophilic hollow fiber membranes // Artif. Organs. 1984. Vol. 8. P. 161–166.
16. Caron J. M., Bissel D. M. Extracellular matrix induces albumin gene expression in cultured rat hepatocytes // Hepatology. 1989. Vol. 10 (4). P. 636.
17. Carpentier B., Gautier A., Legallais C. Artificial and bioartificial liver devices: present and future // Gut. 2009. Vol. 58. P. 1690–1702.
18. Cell-free hemoglobin-based blood substitutes and risk of myocardial infarction and death: a meta-analysis / C. Natanson [et al.] // JAMA. 2008. Vol. 299. P. 2304–2312.
19. Cell-free supernatant from hepatocyte cultures improves survival of rats with chemically induced acute liver failure / P. LaPlante-O’Neill [et al.] // J. Surg. Res. 1982. Vol. 32. P. 347.
20. Cells for bioartificial liver devices: the human hepatomaderived cell line C3A produces urea but does not detoxify ammonia / D. Mavri-Damelin [et al.] // Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008. Vol. 99. P. 644–651.
21. Chamuleau R. A., Deurholt T., Hoekstra R. Which are the right cells to be used in a bioartificial liver? // Metab. Brain. Dis. 2005. Vol. 20. P. 327–335.
22. Chamuleau R. A. Future of bioartificial liver support // World J. Gastrointest. Surg. 2009. Vol. 1. P. 21–25.
23. Chang T. M. S. Experience with the treatment of acute liver failure patients by hemoperfusion over biocompatible microencapsulated (coated) charcoal // Artificial Liver Support / I. M. Murray-Lyon (eds), R. Williams. England. Tunbridge Wells: Pitman Medical, 1975. 367 p.
24. Chen G., Palmer A. F. Hemoglobin-based oxygen carrier and convection enhanced oxygen transport in a hollow fiber bioreactor // Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009. Vol. 102. P. 1603–1612.
25. Chen G., Palmer A. F. Mixtures of hemoglobin-based oxygen carriers and perfluorocarbons exhibit a synergistic effect in oxygenating hepatic hollow fiber bioreactors // Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2010. Vol. 105. P. 534–542.
26. Chen G., Palmer A. F. Perfluorocarbon facilitated O2 transport in a hepatic hollow fiber bioreactor // Biotechnol. Prog. 2009. Vol. 25. P. 1317–1321.
27. Clinical application of bioartificial liver support systems / M. P. van de Kerkhove [et al.] // Ann. Surg. 2004. Vol. 240. P. 216–230.
28. Clinical extracorporeal hybrid liver support-phase I study with primary porcine liver cells / I. M. Sauer [et al.] // Xenotransplantation. 2003. Vol. 10. P. 460–469.
29. Concise review: isolation and characterization of cells from human term placenta: outcome of the first international Workshop on Placenta Derived Stem Cells / O. Parolini [et al.] // Stem. Cells. 2008. Vol. 26. P. 300–311.
30. Cowan P. J., d’Apice A. J. The coagulation barrier in xenotransplantation: incompatibilities and strategies to overcome them // Curr. Opin. Organ. Transplant. 2008. Vol. 13 P. 178–183.
31. Cultivation of immortalized human hepatocytes HepZ on macroporous CultiSpher G microcarriers / A. Werner [et al.] // Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2000. Vol. 68. P. 59–70.
32. Dan Y. Y., Yeoh G. C. Liver stem cells: a scientific and clinical perspective // J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2008. Vol. 23. P. 687–698.
33. Demetriou A. A. Hepatic assist devices // Panminerva Med. 2005. Vol. 47. P. 31–37.
34. Development of a bioartificial liver: Properties and function of a hollow-fiber module inoculated with liver cells / J. Rozga [et al.] // Hepatology. 1993. Vol. 17. P. 258.
35. Differentiating characterization of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro / X. Q. Kang [et al.] // Cell .Biol. Int. 2006. Vol. 30. P. 569–575.
36. Differentiation and transplantation of human induced pluripotent stem cell- derived hepatocyte-like cells / S. Asgari [et al.] // Stem. Cel.l Rev. 2013. Vol. 9 (4). P. 493–504. DOI 10.1007/s 12015-011-9330y
37. Differentiation of human adipose stromal cells into hepatic lineage in vitro and in vivo / M. J. Seo [et al.] // Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005. Vol. 328. P. 258–264.
38. Differentiation of human embryonic stem cells into hepatocytes in 2D and 3D culture systems in vitro / H. Baharvand [et al.] // Int. J. Dev. Biol. 2006. Vol. 50. P. 645–652.
39. Differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cells into low immunogenic hepatocyte-like cells / Q. Zhao [et al.] // Cytotherapy. 2009. Vol. 11. P. 414–426.
40. Differentiation of mesenchymal cells derived from human amniotic membranes into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro / T. Tamagawa [et al.] // Hum. Cell. 2007. Vol. 20. P. 77–84.
41. Ding Y. T., Shi X. L. Bioartificial liver devices: Perspectives on the state of the art // Front. Med. 2011. Vol. 5. P. 15–19.
42. Donato M. T., Castell J. V., Gómez-Lechón M. J. Characterization of drug metabolizing activities in pig hepatocytes for use in bioartificial liver devices: comparison with other hepatic cellular models // J. Hepatol. 1999. Vol. 31. P. 542–549.
43. Early clinical experience with a hybrid bioartificial liver / A. A. Demetriou [et al.] // Scand. J. Gastroenterol. 1995 (Suppl). Vol. 208. P.111–117.
44. Early experiences with a porcine hepatocyte-based bioartificial liver in acute hepatic failure patients / E. Morsiani [et al.] // Int. J. Artif. Organs. 2002. Vol. 25. P. 192–202.
45. Effect of human patient plasma ex vivo treatment on gene expression and progenitor cell activation of primary human liver cells in multi-compartment 3D perfusion bioreactors for extra-corporeal liver support / E. Schmelzer [et al.] // Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009. Vol. 103. P. 817–827.
46. Effect of human umbilical cord blood-derived mesenchymal stem cells in a cirrhotic rat model / K. H. Jung [et al.] // Liver Int. 2009. Vol. 29. P. 898–909.
47. Effects of artificial liver support system on patients with acute or chronic liver failure / W. B. Du [et al.] // Transplant. Proc. 2005. Vol. 37. P. 4359–4364.
48. Enhanced functions of human embryonic stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells on three-dimensional nanofibrillar surfaces / Z. Farzaneh [et al.] // Stem. Cell. Rev. 2010. Vol. 6 P. 601–610.
49. Establishment of a highly differentiated immortalized human hepatocyte cell line as a source of hepatic function in the bioartificial liver / N. Kobayashi [et al.] // Transplant. Proc. 2000. Vol. 132. P. 237–241.
50. Evaluation of a new immortalized human fetal liver cell line (cBAL111) for application in bioartificial liver / P. P. Poyck [et al.] // J. Hepatol. 2008. Vol. 48. P. 266–275.
51. Ex vivo characteristics of human amniotic membranederived stem cells / J. Kim [et al.] // Cloning Stem Cells. 2007. Vol. 9. P. 581–594.
52. Extracorporeal bioartificial liver using the radial-flow bioreactor in treatment of fatal experimental hepatic encephalopathy / H. Kanai [et al.] // Artif. Organs. 2007. Vol. 31. P. 148–151.
53. Fausto N. Liver regeneration and repair: hepatocytes, progenitor cells, and stem cells // Hepatology. 2004. Vol. 39. P. 1477–1487.
54. First clinical use of a novel bioartificial liver support system (BLSS) / G. V. Mazariegos [et al.] // Am. J. Transplant. 2002. Vol. 2. P. 260–266.
55. Formation of multicellular spheroids composed of adult rat hepatocytes in dishes with positively charged surfaces and under other nonadherent environments / N. H. Koide [et al.] // Exper. Cell. Res. 1990. Vol. 186. P. 227.
56. Hay P. D., Veitch A. R., Gaylor J. D. Oxygen transfer in a convection-enhanced hollow fiber bioartificial liver // Artif. Organs. 2001. Vol. 25. P. 119–130.
57. Hepatic differentiation from human mesenchymal stem cells on a novel nanofiber scaffold / M. Ghaedi [et al.] // Cell. Mol. Biol. Lett. 2012. Vol. 17. P. 89–106.
58. Hepatic differentiation of amniotic epithelial cells / F. Marongiu [et al.] // Hepatology. 2011. Vol. 53. P. 1719–1729.
59. Hepatic stem cells: from inside and outside the liver? / M. R. Alison [et al.] // Cell. Prolif. 2004. Vol. 37. P. 1–21.
60. Hepatogenesis of adipose-derived stem cells on polylactidecoglycolide scaffolds: in vitro and in vivo studies / M. Wang [et al.] // Tissue. Eng. Part. C. Methods. 2010. Vol. 16. P. 1041–1050.
61. Hepatogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue in comparison with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells / R. Taléns-Visconti [et al.] // World J. Gastroenterol. 2006. Vol. 12. P. 5834–5845.
62. Human hepatocyte functions in a crossed hollow fiber membrane bioreactor / L. De Bartolo [et al.] // Biomaterials. 2009. Vol. 30. P. 2531–2543.
63. Human umbilical cord matrix stem cells efficiently rescue acute liver failure through paracrine effects rather than hepatic differentiation / S. Zhang [et al.] // Tissue. Eng. Part. A. 2012. Vol. 18. P. 1352–1364.
64. In vitro assessment of encapsulated C3A hepatocytes functions in a fluidized bed bioreactor / B. David [et al.] // Biotechnol. Prog. 2004. Vol. 20. Р. 1204–1212.
65. In vitro differentiation of human umbilical cord bloodderived mesenchymal stem cells into hepatocyte-like cells / S. H. Hong [et al.] // Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005. Vol. 330. P. 1153–1161.
66. In vitro hepatic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells / K. D. Lee [et al.] // Hepatology. 2004. Vol. 40. P. 1275–1284.
67. In vivo hepatic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells from human umbilical cord blood after transplantation into mice with liver injury / J. Yu [et al.] // Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2012. Vol. 422. P. 539–545.
68. In-depth physiological characterization of primary human hepatocytes in a 3D hollow-fiber bioreactor / D. Mueller [et al.] // J. Tissue. Eng. Regen. Med. 2011. Vol. 5. P. e207–218.
69. Induced pluripotent stem cells: a new era for hepatology / S. Asgari [et al.] // J. Hepatol. 2010. Vol. 53. Р. 738–751.
70. Inducing proliferation of human amniotic epithelial (HAE) cells for cell therapy / S. Terada [et al.] // Cell. Transplant. 2000. Vol. 9. P. 701–704.
71. Initial experience with the modified extracorporeal liver-assist device for patients with fulminant hepatic failure: system modifications and clinical impact / J. M. Millis [et al.] // Transplantation. 2002. Vol. 74. P. 1735–1746.
72. Isolation and characterization of a stem cell population from adult human liver / M. B. Herrera [et al.] // Stem. Cells. 2006. Vol. 24. P. 2840–2850.
73. Isolation and characterization of adult human liver progenitors from ischemic liver tissue derived from therapeutic hepatectomies / H. Stachelscheid [et al.] // Tissue. Eng. Part. A. 2009. Vol. 15. P. 1633–1643.
74. Isolation and characterization of stem cells from the placenta and the umbilical cord / C. M. Mihu [et al.] // Rom. J. Morphol. Embryol. 2008. Vol. 49. P. 441–446.
75. Isolation of human progenitor liver epithelial cells with extensive replication capacity and differentiation into mature hepatocytes / H. Malhi [et al.] // J. Cell. Sci. 2002. Vol. 115. P. 2679–2688.
76. Isolation of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from umbilical cord blood / O. K. Lee [et al.] // Blood. 2004. Vol. 103. P. 1669–1675.
77. Isolation, characterization, and differentiation to hepatocytelike cells of nonparenchymal epithelial cells from adult human liver / C. Duret [et al.] // Stem. Cells. 2007. Vol. 25. P. 1779–1790.
78. Jauregui H. O., Muller T. E. Long-term cultures of adult mammalian hepatocytes in hollow fibers as the cellular component of extracorporeal (hybrid) liver assist devices // Artif. Organs. 1992. Vol. 16 (2). P. 209.
79. Jauregui H. O. Treatment of hepatic insufficiency based on cellular therapies // Int. J. Artif. Organs. 1991. Vol. 14. P. 407.
80. Jung Y., Bauer G., Nolta J. A. Concise review: Induced pluripotent stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells: progress toward safe clinical products // Stem. Cells. 2012. Vol. 30. P. 42–47.
81. Large-pore hemodialytic procedures in pigs with ischemic hepatic necrosis; a randomized study / G. H. De Groot [et al.] // Hepato-gastroenterology. 1984. Vol. 31 (6). P. 254–260.
82. Liver support systems / A. Santoro [et al.] // Contrib. Nephrol. 2007. Vol. 156. P. 396–404.
83. Manufacturing of human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells for clinical trials / G. Brooke [et al.] // Br. J. Haematol. 2009. Vol. 144. Р. 571–579.
84. Matikainen T., Laine J. Placenta-an alternative source of stem cells // Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 2005. Vol. 207. P. 544–549.
85. McKenzie T. J., Lillegard J. B., Nyberg S. L. Artificial and bioartificial liver support // Semin. Liver. Dis. 2008. Vol. 28. P. 210–217.
86. Miki T., Ring A., Gerlach J. Hepatic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells is promoted by three-dimensional dynamic perfusion culture conditions // Tissue. Eng. Part. C. Methods. 2011. Vol. 17. P. 557–568.
87. Mullon C., Pitkin Z. The HepatAssist bioartificial liver support system: clinical study and pig hepatocyte process // Expert. Opin. Investig. Drugs. 1999. Vol. 8. P. 229–235.
88. Naik S., Santangini H., Jauregui H. O. Culture of adults rabbit hepatoctyes in perfused hollow membranes // In Vitro Cell. Dev. Biol. 1990. Vol. 26. P. 107.
89. Neonatal hepatocyte culture on artificial capillaries: A model for drug metabolism and the artificial liver / J. C. Hager [et al.] // ASAIO. J. 1983. Vol. 6. P. 26–35.
90. Neurological improvement during bioartificial liver sessions in patients with acute liver failure awaiting transplantation / D. Samuel [et al.] // Transplantation. 2002. Vol. 73. P. 257–264.
91. Novel bioartificial liver support system: preclinical evaluation / J. F. Patzer [et al.] // Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1999. Vol. 875. P. 340–352.
92. Origin and characterization of a human bipotent liver progenitor cell line / R. Parent [et al.] // Gastroenterology. 2004. Vol. 126. P. 1147–1156.
93. Phase I clinical trial with the AMC-bioartificial liver / A. Belli [et al.] // Int. J. Artif. Organs. 2002. Vol. 25. P. 950–959.
94. Pilot-controlled trial of the extracorporeal liver assist device in acute liver failure / A. J. Ellis [et al.] // Hepatology. 1996. Vol. 24. P. 1446–1451.
95. Pitkin Z., Mullon C. Evidence of absence of porcine endogenous retrovirus (PERV) infection in patients treated with a bioartificial liver support system // Artif. Organs. 1999. Vol. 23. P. 829–833.
96. Pless G. Artificial and bioartificial liver support // Organogenesis. 2007. Vol. 3. P. 20–24.
97. Polson J., Lee W. M. American Association for the Study of Liver Disease. AASLD position paper: the management of acute liver failure // Hepatology. 2005. Vol. 41 P. 1179–1197.
98. Primary cultures of rat hepatocytes in hollow fiber chambers / H. O. Jauregui [et al.] // In Vitro Cell. Dev. BIol. 1994. Vol. 30A. P. 23–29.
99. Progress and future challenges in stem cell-derived liver technologies / D. M. Dalgetty [et al.] // Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver. Physiol. 2009. Vol. 297. P. G241–248.
100. Prolongation of survival of pigs with ischemic liver failure by treatment with a bioartificial liver using glutamine synthetase transfected recombinant HepG2 / S. Enosawa [et al.] // Transplant. Proc. 2001. Vol. 33. P. 1945–1947.
101. Promoter-defined isolation and identification of hepatic progenitor cells from the human fetal liver / P. Wang [et al.] // Histochem. Cell. Biol. 2008. Vol. 130. P. 375–385.
102. Prospective, randomized, multicenter, controlled trial of a bioartificial liver in treating acute liver failure / A. A. Demetriou [et al.] // Ann. Surg. 2004. Vol. 239. P. 660–667.
103. Rapid generation of mature hepatocyte-like cells from human induced pluripotent stem cells by an efficient three-step protocol / Y. F. Chen // Hepatology. 2012. Vol. 55. P. 1193–1203.
104. Recovery of preservation-injured primary human hepatocytes and nonparenchymal cells to tissue like structures in large-scale bioreactors for liver support: an initial transmission electron microscopy study / J. C. Gerlach [et al.] // J. Invest. Surg. 2003. Vol. 16. P. 83–92.
105. Remy B., Deby-Dupont G., Lamy M. Red blood cell substitutes: fluorocarbon emulsions and haemoglobin solutions. // Br. Med. Bull. 1999. Vol. 55. P. 277–298.
106. Reprogramming of human somatic cells to pluripotency with defined factors / I. H. Park [et al.] // Nature. 2008. Vol. 451. P. 141–146.
107. Reversal of fulminant hepatic failure using an extracorporeal liver assist device / N. L. Sussman [et al.] // Hepatology. 1992. Vol. 16. P. 60.
108. Rozga J. Liver support technology – an update // Xenotransplantation. 2006. Vol. 13. P. 380–389.
109. Safety observations in phase I clinical evaluation of the Excorp Medical Bioartificial Liver Support System after the first four patients / G. V. Mazariegos [et al.] // ASAIO J. 2001. Vol. 47. P. 471–475.
110. Schäffler A., Büchler C. Concise review: adipose tissue-derived stromal cells-basic and clinical implications for novel cell-based therapies // Stem. Cells. 2007. Vol. 25. P. 818–827.
111. Schmelzer E., Wauthier E., Reid L. M. The phenotypes of pluripotent human hepatic progenitors // Stem. Cells. 2006. Vol. 24. P. 1852–1858.
112. Seghatchian J., de Sousa G. An overview of unresolved inherent problems associated with red cell transfusion and potential use of artificial oxygen carriers and ECO-RBC: current status/future trends // Transfus. Apher. Sci. 2007. Vol. 37. P. 251–259.
113. Separation of parenchymal liver cells using a lactosesubstituted styrene polymer substratum / T. Akaike [et al.] // J. Bioact. Compat. Polym. 1989. Vol. 4 (51).
114. Shi L. L., Liu F. P., Wang D. W. Transplantation of human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells improves survival rates in a rat model of acute hepatic necrosis // Am. J. Med. Sci. 2011. Vol. 342. P. 212–217.
115. Strain A. J., Neuberger J. M. A bioartificial liver – state of the art // Science. 2002. Vol. 295. P. 1005–1009.
116. TECA hybrid artificial liver support system in treatment of acute liver failure / Y. L. Xue [et al.] // World J. Gastroenterol. 2001. Vol. 7. P. 826–829.
117. The HepaRG cell line is suitable for bioartificial liver application / R. Hoekstra [et al.] // Int. J. Biochem. Cell. Biol. 2011. Vol. 43. P. 1483–1489.
118. The Hepatix extracorporeal liver assist device: initial clinical experience / N. L. Sussman [et al.] // Artif. Organs. 1994. Vol. 18. P. 390–396.
119. The promotion of hepatic maturation of human pluripotent stem cells in 3D co-culture using type I collagen and Swiss 3T3 cell sheets / Y. Nagamoto [et al.] // Biomaterials. 2012. Vol. 33. P. 4526–4534.
120. The significant improvement of survival times and pathological parameters by bioartificial liver with recombinant HepG2 in porcine liver failure model / S. Enosawa [et al.] // Cell. Transplant. 2006. Vol. 15. P. 873–880.
121. Toward a bioartificial drug metabolizing system: Gel immobilized liver cell microsomes / E. Denti [et al.] // Trans. Am. Soc. Artif. Intern. Organs. 1976. Vol. 22. P. 693–700.
122. Transdifferentiation of adipose-derived stem cells into hepatocytes: a new approach / J. Lue [et al.] // Liver Int. 2010. Vol. 30. P. 913–922.
123. Transplantation of human amnion epithelial cells reduces hepatic fibrosis in immunocompetent CCl4-treated mice / U. Manuelpillai [et al.] // Cell. Transplant. 2010. Vol. 19. P. 1157–1168.
124. Use of a rotary bioartificial liver in the differentiation of human liver stem cells / V. Fonsato [et al.] // Tissue. Eng. Part. C. Methods. 2010. Vol. 16. P. 123–132.
125. Use of primary human liver cells originating from discarded grafts in a bioreactor for liver support therapy and the prospects of culturing adult liver stem cells in bioreactors: a morphologic study / J. C. Gerlach [et al.] // Transplantation. 2003. Vol. 76. P. 781–778.
126. Zaehres H., Schöler H. R. Induction of pluripotency: from mouse to human // Cell. 2007. Vol. 131. P. 834–835.
Review
For citations:
Grigoryev E.V., Plotnikov G.P., Shukevich D.L., Golovkin A.S. BIOLOGICAL ARTIFICIAL LIVER. Complex Issues of Cardiovascular Diseases. 2014;(4):70-79. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.17802/2306-1278-2014-4-70-79
Views:
675
